CHARTS &

CHARTWORK
 LATITUDE & LONGITUDE

Northern Hemisphere Meridian Latitude

x
Latitude

Equator

Longitude (from Greenwich)

Southern Hemisphere

Longitude
CHART PROJECTIONS
Mercator

Latitude

Longitude
 Sphere to 2D Protection
• Increase Latitude Scale towards Pole
• Longitude scale remaining constant
 Charts
• Rhumb lines as straight lines
• Great Circles as Straight Lines
CHART PROJECTIONS
Gnomonic
Gnomonic

Latitude

Longitude
 RHUMB LINE SAILING

Gnomonic
Projection
Great
Circle
Rhumb
Great
Line
Circle

Rhumb
Line
Mercator
Projection
 Chartwork
• Orthomorphism:-
• meaning very small shapes are represented
correctly.
• Conformality:-
• meaning angles around any point are represented
correctly. These exist hand in hand and where they
do exist meridians and parallels cross at right
angles, and the scale in every direction about the
point is constant.
• Scale constancy:-
• a constant scale over an entire chart permits the use
of a distance scale on the chart or on a ruler.
 CHART DESCRIPTION

ENGLAND - SOUTH COAST

MANACLE POINT TO BOLT HEAD
DEPTHS IN METRES
SCALE 1:150,000 at Lat 50 00´
Depths are in metres and are reduced to Chart Datum, which is approximately the
level of Lowest Astronomical Tide.
Heights are in metres. Underlined figures are drying heights above Chart Datum; all
other heights are above Mean High Water Springs.
Positions are referred to European Datum (1950).
Navigational marks: IALA Maritime Buoyage System - Region A (Red to port).
Projection: Mercator.
Sources: The origin, scale, date and limits of the hydrographic information used to
compile the chart are shown in the Source Data diagram.
COMPASS ROSE
 PLOTTING SYMBOLS
1600
DR (Dead reckoning)
1945
EP (Estimated position)

Fix (Observed position) OR OR
2006 2117 2253
Position line
Transferred position line
Range / Distance off
Depth contour line 20

Water track
Ground track
Tidal stream
 POSITION AND POSITION LINES

Position:
114°(T) from L/H 5M
OR
52°55'N 05°40'W Give Position FROM object
114°(T)
Take Fix
TO object
294°(T) 52°55'N
Position Line

5°40'W
 POSITION FIXING
THE THREE POINT FIX

Perfect fix Cocked hat

POTENTIAL FIX INACCURACIES - 1
POTENTIAL FIX INACCURACIES - 2
 TRANSITS

Nearing On Past
transit transit transit
 DEAD RECKONING (DR)

DR Deduced from
Log and Compass
Distance DR
Run 6.2M 0900
Fix 31.3M
0800
25.1M
 FIX BY BEARING AND SOUNDING

20

Fix 1115
Log 1433
20

1115 Lighthouse bears 346°(T)

Depth 20 Metres
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE

1st Position Line

+DR
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE

1st Position Line

+DR
Tidal
Stream
 FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE

1st Position Line

+DR
Tidal
2nd Position Line Stream
 FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE

1st Position Line

Fix +DR
Tidal
2nd Position Line Stream

Transferred
Position Line
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE

1st Position Line

Tidal + DR

. Stream
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE

1st Position Line

Tidal + DR
Stream

2nd Position Line

 FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE

1st Position Line

Tidal + DR
Fix. Stream
RUNNING FIX
Transferred
Position Line
2nd Position Line
 VARIATION
Magnetic
North True North

T T
M T M

Easterly Westerly
Variations Variations
Magnetic
South
 MAGNETIC BEARINGS

True
BEARING North
Magnetic
Magnetic Bearing 071° North
Variation 8°W
True Bearing 063°
 MAGNETIC BEARINGS

True
BEARING North
Magnetic
Magnetic Bearing 071° North
Variation 8°W
True Bearing 063°

RELATIVE BEARING
Boat's heading 305° (T)
55° W of N
True Bearing 063° (T)
Relative Bearing 118° to Starboard
 DEVIATION

 Similar in application to variation

 Varies with Ship’s heading
 Need a current Deviation Chart for each fixed
compass on board
 Need to swing compass regularly and check
deviation occasionally
 EFFECT OF COMPASS DEVIATION

W E

N
N
W E
W E

S
S
N

W E

S
 COMPASS DEVIATION TABLE
West East Ship's Head Deviation Ship's Head
Compass (C) Magnetic (M)
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
000 000 4W 356
022.5 2W 020.5
045 045 0 045
067.5 2E 069.5
090 090 4E 094
112.5 5E 117.5
135 135 6E 141
157.5 5E 162.5
180 180 4E 184
202.5 2E 204.5
225 225 0 225
247.5 2W 245.5
270 270 4W 266
292.5 5W 287.5
315 315 6W 309
337.5 5W 332.5
360 360 4W 356
 APPLYING CORRECTIONS

True Direction

apply Variation

Magnetic Direction

apply Deviation

Compass Direction
 MNEMONICS

“Error West - Compass Best

Error East - Compass Least”

“Cadbury's Dairy Milk Very Tasty + Exciting (- W)”

NB Order and sign of corrections are important

 DEVIATION CONVERSIONS
Finding Course to Plot Finding Course to Steer

Compass Course Steered 240°(C) True Course (from chart) 060°(T)

Deviation (from table) 2° W Variation (from chart) 9°W
Magnetic Course 238°(M) Magnetic Course 069°(M)
Variation (from chart) 8° W Deviation (from table) 2°E
True Course (to plot on chart) 230°(T) Compass Course to Steer 067°(C)
DEVIATION CHECK
True
Transit bears:
Magnetic North True 305°
North
Variation 8°W
Magnetic 313°
Compass 308°
DEVIATION 5°E

305°(T)
E