Reinforced Concrete I

DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

DM-IT
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture-6

1
 Design of Slabs
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and
walls of buildings and as the decks of bridges.
LX≥ 5𝐷
The floor system of a structure can take many, forms such
in situ solid slabs, ribbed slabs or precast units.
Slabs may span in one direction or in two directions and
they may be supported on monolithic concrete beams,
steel beams, walls or directly by the structure's columns.
One way slab is a slab which is supported by on the two opposite
sides to carry the load along the direction.
Ly/Lx> 2 … … … . 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
Two way slab is supported by beams on all the four sides and the
loads are carried by the support along both direction.
Ly/Lx≤ 2 … … … 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
2
 Design of Slabs
Concrete slabs behave primarily as flexural
members and the design is similar to that for
beams, although in general it is somewhat simpler
because
1. the breadth of the slab is already fixed and a unit
breadth of 1m is used in the calculations
2. the shear stresses are usually low in a slab except
when there are heavy concentrated loads, and
3. compression reinforcement is seldom required.
In this unit you will see:
One way solid slab on ULS method
ribbed slabs on ULS method
Two way solid slab
3
 One way solid slab
The slabs are designed as if they consist of a series of
beams of 1m breadth.
The main steel is in the direction of the span and secondary
or distribution steel is required in the transverse direction.
The calculations for bending reinforcement follow a similar
procedure to that used in beam design.
. fcd.b.d where,   1  1  2m & m  M u
As   ( ) . f . b . d 2
f yd cd

The effective span of the slab is taken as the lesser of: (a)
the center to center distance of the bearings. or (b) the
clear distance between supports plus the effective depth of
the slab.
4
 Simplification of load arrangements
In principle a slab should be designed to withstand the most
unfavorable arrangements of design loads;
The ratio of the characteristic imposed load to the characteristic
dead load does not exceed 1.25;
The loads should be substantially uniformly distributed over three
or more spans;
The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 kN/m2
excluding partitions.

interior span
M End support/slab connection

1st interior
support

support
Interior
Middle
V simple continuous
M outer end span Outer end span
support support
M 0 0.086FL -0.04FL 0.075FL -0.086FL 0.063FL -0.063FL
V 0.4F - 0.46F - 0.6F - 0.5F
Ultimate bending moment and shear forces in one-way spanning slabs from BS8110:
Part 1, Table 3.6 F is the total design ultimate load and L is the effective span.
 One way solid slab
Where analysis is carried out for the single load case of all spans
loaded, the resulting support moments except those at the supports
of cantilevers should be reduced by 20 %, with a consequential
increase in the span moments.
Simplified ruin for curtailment of bars in slab in one direction is

6
 One way solid slab
Example design the four span slab shown in figure
supports a live load of 3.0 kN/m2 , plus floor finishes and a
ceiling load of 1.0 kN/m2. The characteristic material
strengths are fck = 25Mpa and fyk = 500Mpa.

7
 One way solid slab
Estimate minimum effective depth slab
For end span
𝐿𝑒 4500
Design value
d= = =173mm Fcd=14.17Mpa
26 26
For interior span Fyd=434.78Mpa
𝐿𝑒 4500
d= = =150mm
30 30
Hence the end span is more critical than the interior span
Slab is structural elements located in the interior of the building with dry or
permanent wet environment condition (XC-1) and structural class S4 .nominal
cover is 15mm
Assume provide ∅ = 10𝑚𝑚
Over all depth of slab is
D=173+15+10/2=193mm
Take D=200mm
Check the slab
4.5m> 5*D =1m……………………ok
d=200-15-5=180mm 8
Slab loading
Self-weight of slab=200mmx25kN/m3=5KN/m2
Total permanent load (gk)=1+5=6KN/m2
For a 1m width of slab
Ultimate load pd=1.35gk+1.5qk
=1.35x6+1.5x3=12.6KN/m
The end support is pinned. Then, analyze the moment like beam

9
 One way solid slab
From the analysis the span moment is
Mu=0.086*12.6*4.5*4.5 =21.94kNm for end span
Mu=0.063*12.6*4.5*4.5=16.07KNm for interior span
The support moment is
Mu=0 for end support
Mu=0.086*12.6*4.5*4.5 =21.94kNm for interior support
Then design the slab using
 . fcd .b.d
m
Mu  1 1  2m As   ( )
 . f cd . b . d 2 f yd
Check the depth for maximum moment
Mmax=21.94kNm
M max 21.94 KN / m
m   0.0478  m lim  0.294.........ok
 . f cd . b . d 2
1 * 14.17 *1000 *180 2
10
 One way solid slab
For end span moment 21.94kNm
m  0.0478
Mu=21.94kNm 1 * 14.17 Mpa *1000 * (180mm) 2

 1 1  2m  1  1  2 * 0.0478  0.0490

 . fcd .b.d 1 * 14.17 Mpa * 1000mm * 180mm
As   ( )  0.0490( )  287mm 2 /m
f yd 434.78Mpa
Check minimum reinforcement
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚𝑏𝑑 0.3∗(25)2/3
=0.26 ∗ 1000 ∗ 180 = 240𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min =max
0.0013𝑏𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 21000 ∗ 180 = 234𝑚𝑚2
As,max=0.04bD=0.04*1000*200=8000mm
Hence As,provide=287mm2
Calculate spacing of bars
𝑏∗𝑎𝑠 1000∗78.54
S= = =273.3mm
𝐴𝑆 287 11
 One way solid slab
Check maximum spacing
3𝐷 = 3 ∗ 200 = 6000𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =400mm>S………ok
400𝑚𝑚
So, provide ∅10@270
Transvers reinforcement
0.2𝐴𝑠, 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 0.2 ∗ 287 = 57.5𝑚𝑚2
As,transvers = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =240mm2
𝐴𝑆, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 240𝑚𝑚2
The spacing of transverse reinforcement is
𝑏.𝑎𝑠 1000∗78.54
S= = =327.1
𝐴𝑠 240
Provide ∅10@320
Similarly calculate for the remaining span and support moment
gives the steel area is SNS
12
 One way solid slab
Transverse
Main reinforcement
reinforcement

AS,prov

AS,prov
AS,max
AS,min
Type

Sprov

Sprov
Smax
Mu m w

∅
end
21.94 0.0478 0.0490 240 8000 287 10 400 240 320
span 270
interior
16.07 0.0350 0.0356 240 8000 240 10 400 240 320
span 320
interior
21.94 0.0478 0.0490 240 8000 287 10 400 240 320
support 270
Detailing of slab is

13
 One way ribbed slab
One-way ribbed slab is a floor or roof system supported by
closely spaced small beams called ribs or joists framing into
girders, which in turn frame into the supporting columns.
the ribbed floor is formed using temporary or permanent
shuttering while the hollow block floor is generally
constructed with blocks made of clay tile with concrete
containing light weight aggregate.
Ribbed floor slabs are economical for buildings such as:-
apartment houses, hotels and hospitals where live loads are
fairly small and the spans are comparatively long.
Ribbed floors are not suitable for heavy construction, such
as in warehouses, garage and heavy manufacturing
buildings.
14
One way ribbed slab

15
 One way ribbed slab
Near to the supports the hollow blocks are stopped off and
the slab is made solid
This is done to achieve a greater shear strength, and if the
slab is supported by monolithic with the solid section acts as
the flange of T section.
According to ESEN2
Srib≤1.5m
drib ≤ 4𝑏w
𝑆
hf ≥ 𝑛, 𝑟𝑖𝑏/10 …….for slabs without permanent block
50
𝑆𝑛, 𝑟𝑖𝑏
hf= ≥ /10 ………...for slabs with permanent block
40
where, 𝑆𝑛, 𝑟𝑖𝑏 clear spacing b/n ribs
transverse ribs are provide Srib≤ 10𝐷 16
 One way ribbed slab
The topping flange shall be provided with a reinforcement
mesh providing in each direction a cross-sectional area not
less than 0.0013 of the section of the slab.
It used to avoid cracking due to shrinkage and thermal
movement.
Example design a floor system which is used to as a lobbies
area (lobbies) of the material used are fck-20Mpa Fyk-
360Mpa use ∅10𝑚𝑚 bars and 48mm cement screed and
2mm PVC tile finishing.

17
 One way ribbed slab
Check whether the slab is treated as on way or two way slab.
Ly/Lx=7/3=2.33…………………..one way slab
Determine the depth from deflection requirement.
Lx/d<20 ………………for simple supported slab from ESEN2
d=3000/20=150mm
D=150+15+5=170mm take D=180mm
assume ∅10 d=180-15-10/2=160mm
Determine the design load and moment

From EBCS2-1995 (see ESEN2)

𝛾𝑃𝑉𝐶 = 16𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
𝛾𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 20𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡 = 25𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 18
 One way ribbed slab
Dead load of slab=0.18m*1m*24kN/m3=4.32kN/m
Dead load of finishing=0.048m*1m*20kN/m3+0.002*1*16
=0.99kN/m
Gk=4.32+0.99=5.31kN/m
Live load Qk=3kN/m2=3kN/m2*1m=3kN/m
Design load, pd=1.35Gk+1.5Qk=1.35*5.31+1.5*3
=11.67kN/m2

𝑃𝑑𝐿2 11.67∗32
Mu= =
8 8
=13.13kNm

19
 One way ribbed slab
Design of a floor system of ribbed Slab take
Width of rib bw=125mm
Rib spacing =400m sn,rib=(0.4m-0.125)=0.275<1.5……ok
𝑆𝑛, 𝑟𝑖𝑏
hf ≥ /10 =275/10=27.5mm
50
Take hf=50mm and
hw=130mm<4bw=500…………..ok

20
 One way ribbed slab
Calculate the effective width of the flange
b1=(400-125)/2=137.5mm and
lo=0.85L=0.85*3000=2550mm
0.2𝑙𝑜 = 510𝑚𝑚
beff1=beff2 ≤ 0.2𝑏1 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 = 682.5 =282.5mm
𝑏1 = 137.5
Take beff1=137.5mm
beff=bw+beff1+beff2=125+137.5mm+137.5mm=400mm
take beff=400mm
Check the T-section
Mf=beff*y*fcd*z=MED
𝒚
400mm*y*11.3Mpa(160- )=13.13*106Nmm
2
y=19.3mm < hf=50mm……………….ok 21
 One way ribbed slab
Design constants
Fck=0.85*20/1.5=11.33Mpa, fyd=360/1.15=313.04Mpa
Check the depth for maximum moment
M max 13.13kNm
m   0.1131  0.294...........ok
 . f cd . b . d 1 *11.33Mpa * 400 * (160mm)
2 2

 1 1  2m  1  1  2 * 0.1131  0.1204

 . fcd .beff .d 1 * 11.33Mpa * 400mm * 160mm

As   ( )  0.1204 * ( )  279mm 2 /m
f yd 313.04 Mpa
Check minimum reinforcement
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚𝑏𝑑 0.3 ∗ (20)2/3
=0.26 ∗ 400 ∗ 160 = 102.2𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 360
As,min =max
0.0013𝑏𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 400 ∗ 160 = 83.2𝑚𝑚2
22
 One way ribbed slab
As,max=0.04bD=0.04*400*180=2880mm2
take
279
Hence As,provide=279 mm2 #∅ = = 3.6 to increase spacing of
78.54
bars
279
Change reinforcement diameter ∅ =12mm #∅= = 2.5
113
So, provide 3-∅12 per rib
Transvers reinforcement
∅10-400

23
 Two way beam supported solid slab
A slab supported its on all four of its sides.
The amount of bending in each direction will depend on
the ratio of two spans and condition of restraint at each
support.
the slab must be designed to take a proportionate
share of the load in each direction.
Let’s consider a simply supported two way slab shown
below, with Lx and Ly, shorter and longer span,
respectively.
Let it be subjected to uniform load Pd KN/m2
Evidently, part of the load is carried by one set of strips
and transmitted to one pair of edge supports and the
remainder by the other. 24
 Two way beam supported solid slab

Let Pdx & Pdy be the share of Pd in x and y direction so

that, Pdx + Pdy = Pd
Let kx & ky be constants for load share such that,
KxPd = Pdx and kyPd = Pdy
Since, the deflection at the center of the strip must be
the same, one obtains,
25
 Two way beam supported solid slab
5𝑃𝑑𝑥𝐿 𝑥 4 5𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝐿𝑥 4 𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑦 4
= ⇒ =
384𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼 𝑝𝑑𝑦 𝐿𝑥4
let Ly/Lx =𝛼 ⇒ pdx/pdy= 𝛼 4 ⇒pdx=𝛼 4pdy
But Pdx + Pdy = Pd ⇒ (α4 + 1)Pdy = Pd
Knowing kyPd = Pdy ⇒ kyPd(α4 + 1) = Pd
1 𝛼4
Ky= 4 and Kx= 4
𝛼 +1 𝛼 +1
One may see that the large share of the load is carried
in the short direction. For instance, consider when
Ly/Lx 1 1.5 2
Kx 0.5 0.835 0.9412
Ky 0.5 0.165 0.0588

If the span moments are required for such simple

𝑘𝑥𝑃𝑑𝐿𝑥 2 𝑘𝑦𝑃𝑑𝐿𝑦 2
spans Mx,max = and My,max =
8 8 26
Analysis of moment by Means of Coefficients
Slabs with side ratio less than 2 are treated as two way
slabs and analysis can be made by means of
coefficients on the basis of the following assumptions
and procedures
The slab is composed of rectangular panels, supported
at all four edges by walls or beams, stiff enough to be
treated as an unyielding.
Slabs are subjected to uniform load or concentrated
load which can be converted to equivalent uniform load
not exceeding 20% of the total load………….EBCS-2-
1995
Moments for each panels with edge either simply
supported or fully fixed are calculated from,
Mi = αi PdLx2 27
Analysis of moment by Means of Coefficients
Where Mi = design BM per unit width at point of
reference.
αi = Coefficient given in EBCS-2 table A - 1, BS
𝐿𝑦
8110-1:1997 table 3 3.13-3.15 as a function of
𝐿𝑥
Pd = Design uniform load (KN/m2)
Lx , Ly = shorter and longer spans of the
panel, respectively
The Notation of Critical Moments
The subscripts for moments are:
s = support
f = field (span)
x & y = shorter & longer span, resp.
28
 Division of panel into strips:
Slabs are divided in each direction into middle strips
and edge strips as shown below.

29
 Division of panel into strips:
The maximum BM computed apply only to the middle
strips & reinforcement can be detailed in such a way
that at least about 50% of the positive bars is extended
into the supports.
The negative bars may be terminated at a distance of
L/4 to L/3 from the respective centerline of the support.
Reinforcement in an edge strip parallel to edge need
not be less than As min.

30
 Moment at Continuous Supports of Slabs
A. determine support and span moments for all
panels.
External edges ⇒ simply supported
continuous edges ⇒ fully fixed
B. If the slab is connected with an external wall or if
any of its edges is partly fixed and partly simply
supported, the following procedure may be
adopted:
The ratio of the actual support moment to the
bending moment of fully fixed slab, or the ratio of the
width of fixed part to the width of the simply
supported part of the edge is evaluated.
The bending moments of the slab are then computed
by interpolating between different support conditions.

31
 Moment at Continuous Supports of Slabs
For each support over which the slab is continuous,
generally, there will be two different support moments. The
difference may be distributed between the panels on either
side of the support to equalize their moments, as in the
moment distribution method for frames.
If the differences between initial support moments are less
than 20 percent of the larger moment, and the live load
does not exceed 2.5 times the permanent load for internal
structure or 0.8 times the dead load for external structures.
Then, use either:
Initial larger moment directly, or
the average initial moment at the support.

32
 Moment at Continuous Supports of Slabs
If the above requirement is not satisfied
The unbalanced moment is distributed using the
moment distribution method. The relative
stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional
to its gross moment of inertia divided by the
smaller span.
If the support moment is decreased, the span
moments mxf and myf are then increased to allow
for the changes of support moments. This increase
is calculated as being equal to the change of the
support moment multiplied by the factors given in
Table A-2. If a support moment is increased, no
adjustment shall be made to the span moments.
33
Analysis of moment by Means of Coefficients
• Effective Width of Solid Slab Carrying a Concentrated Load
near an Unsupported edge

34
 Loads to Supporting Beams

The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs

spanning in two directions at right angles can be
computed using,
Vx = vx Pd Lx
Vy = vy Pd Ly
Table A-3 gives values of load transfer coefficient vx
and vy and the assumed distribution of this loading is
shown below.

35
36
37
38
 Example
1.Design a sabs of floor system shown in the fig below.
Take weight floor finish 1kN/m2 and 𝛾𝑐 = 24𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
Use materials c-30 and s-500.

Plan view of floor system

39
 solution
Step-1: Assign the slab name.

Determine design constants

Fcd=14.17Mpa
Fyd=434.78Mpa
40
Estimate minimum effective depth slab
Panel 1
𝐿 4000
d= 𝑥 = =154mm, since end span
26 26
panel type-4
Panel 2
𝐿 4000
d= 𝑥 = =154mm, since end span
26 26
panel type-3
Panel 3
𝐿 5000
d= 𝑥 = =192mm, since end span
26 26
panel type-2 or 3
Panel 4
𝐿 5000
d= 𝑥 = =167mm, since interior span
26 30
panel type-1
41
 Step-2:Calculate design load and design moment.
Total permanent load for all panels DL=0.22*24+1=6.28kN/m2
For panel 1
LL=2kN/m2, since the function is bed room ……(ESEN1)
Pd=1.35*6.28+1.5*2=11.48kN/m2
Ly/Lx=5/4=1.25
αxs=0.066 Mi = αi PdLx2
Mxs=0.066*11.48*42=12.12KNm/m
αys=0.047
Mxf=0.049*11.48*42=9.00KNm/m
αxf=0.049 Mys=0.047*11.48*42=8.63KNm/m
M =0.036*11.48*42=6.61KNm/m
αyf=0.036 yf

42
For panel 2
LL=5kN/m2, since the function is store……(ESEN1)
Pd=1.35*6.28+1.5*5=15.98kN/m2
Ly/Lx=6/4=1.5 2=18.66KNm/m
αxs=0.073 M xs =0.073*15.98*4
Mxf=0.055*15.98*42=14KNm/m
αys=0.039
Mys=0.039*15.98*42=9.97KNm/m
αxf=0.055
Myf=0.030*15.98*42=7.67KNm/m
αyf=0.030
For panel 3
LL=2kN/m2, since the function is bed room ……(ESEN1)
Pd=1.35*6.28+1.5*2=11.48kN/m2
Ly/Lx=5/5=1
Mxs=0.039*11.48*52=11.19KNm/m
αxs=0.039
Mxf=0.030*11.48*52=8.61KNm/m
αys=0.039 Mys=0.039*11.48*52=11.19KNm/m
αxf=0.030 Myf=0.030*11.48*52=8.61KNm/m
αyf=0.030
43
For panel 4
LL=3kN/m2, since the function is store……(ESEN1)
Pd=1.35*6.28+1.5*3=12.98kN/m2
Ly/Lx=6/5=1.2
αxs=0.042
Mxs=0.042*12.98*52=13.63KNm/m
αys=0.032 Mxf=0.032*12.98*52=10.38KNm/m
αxf=0.032 Mys=0.032*12.98*52=10.38KNm/m
M =0.024*12.98*52=7.79KNm/m
αyf=0.024 yf

Check the depth for maximum moment

Mmax=18.66kNm
M max 18.66 KN / m
m   0.0329  m lim  0.294.........ok
 . f cd . b . d 2
1*14.17 *1000 * 200 2

Therefore, the depth is adequate for flexure

44
 Unadjusted bending moments of slabs

Step-3:Check support moment adjustment.

Between panel 1 and 2
𝑀𝑅−𝑀𝐿
∆M= *100, ∆M=9.97-8.63=1.34kNm/m
𝑀𝑅
9.97−8.63
∆M= *100%=13.44%<20% it doesn't need adjustment
9.97
45
𝑀𝑅+𝑀𝐿 9.97+8.63
Md= = =9.3KNm/m
2 2
Between panel 1 and 3
𝑀𝑅−𝑀𝐿
∆M= *100, ∆M=12.12-11.19=0.93kNm/m
𝑀𝑅
12.12−11.19
∆M= *100%=7.67%<20% it doesn't need adjustment
12.12
𝑀𝑅+𝑀𝐿 12.12+11.19
Md= = =11.66KNm/m
2 2
Between panel 3 and 4
𝑀𝑅−𝑀𝐿
∆M= *100, ∆M=11.19-10.38=0.81kNm/m
𝑀𝑅
11.19−10.38
∆M= *100%=7.23%<20% it doesn't need adjustment
11.19
𝑀𝑅+𝑀𝐿 11.19+10.38
Md= = =10.79KNm/m
2 2
Between panel 2 and 4
𝑀𝑅−𝑀𝐿
∆M= *100, ∆M=18.66-13.66=5.03kNm/m
𝑀𝑅
18.66−13.63
∆M= *100%=26.96%>20% it needs adjustment
18.66 46
Relative bending stiffness (K)
𝐼 𝐼
KL= = =0.2I
𝐿𝐿 5
𝐼 𝐼
KR= = =0.25I
L𝑅 4
Distribution factor (D)
𝐾𝐿 0.2𝐼
DFL= = =0.44
𝐾𝑅+𝐾𝐿 0.2𝐼+0.25𝐼
DFR=1-DRL=1-0.44=0.56
Md=MR-DFR*∆M=18.66-0.56*5.03=15.84KNm/m
Or Md=ML+DFL*∆M=13.63+0.44*5.03=15.84KNm/m

47
Step-4:Span moment adjustment
Panel 2

𝐿𝑌 6
= =1.5 From table A-2-EBCS-2, 1995
𝐿𝑋 4
CY=0.310 CX=0.421
Mxf,new=Mxf+Cx∆
Where , ∆=change moment(before balance – after balance)
Mxf new=14+0.421 x(18.66-15.84)
=15.19KNm/m
Myf new=Myf+Cy∆
=7.67+0.310 x(18.66-15.84)
=8.54kNm/m
48
Adjusted design moments of panels are;

Step-5:Design for flexure/Reinforcement/

0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑋 0.3∗(25)2/3
=0.26 ∗ 1000 ∗ 200 = 267𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min =max
0.0013𝑏𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 200 = 260𝑚𝑚2
As,max=0.04bD=0.04*1000*220=8800mm2 49
 3𝐷 = 3 ∗ 220 = 660𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =400mm
400𝑚𝑚
FOR PANEL-1
1. positive reinforcement
A. Shorter direction
Md=Mxf=9kNm
Mu  . fcd .b.dx
m  1 1  2m As   ( )
 . f cd . b . dx 2 f yd
9kNm
m 2
 0.0159
1*14.17 Mpa *1000 * (200mm)

 1 1  2m  1  1  2 * 0.0159  0.0160

 . fcd .b.d 1*14.17 Mpa *1000mm * 200mm

As   ( )  0.0160( )  104.33mm 2 /m
f yd 434.78Mpa 50
As,prov=267mm2/m
Calculate spacing of bars
𝑏∗𝑎𝑠 1000∗78.54
S= = =294.2mm
𝐴𝑆 267
So, provide ∅10@290
B. longer direction
Md=Myf=6.61kNm
6.61kNm
m 2
 0.0129
1*14.17 Mpa *1000 * (190mm)

 1 1  2m  1  1  2 * 0.0129  0.0130

 . fcd .b.d 1*14.17 Mpa *1000mm *190mm

As   ( )  0.0130( )  81mm 2 /m
f yd 434.78Mpa
As,prov=267mm2/m So, provide ∅10@290
51
 2. Negative reinforcement
A. Shorter direction
Md=Mxs=11.66kNm
11.66kNm
m 2
 0.0206
1*14.17 Mpa *1000 * (200mm)

 1 1  2m  1  1  2 * 0.0206  0.0208

 . fcd .b.d 1*14.17 Mpa *1000mm * 200mm

As   ( )  0.0208( )  135mm 2 /m
f yd 434.78Mpa
As,prov=267mm2/m So, provide ∅10@290
B. longer direction
Md=Mys=9.3kNm
dy=190mm,m=0.0182 , 𝝎 =0.0184,As=114mm2
As,prov=267mm2/m So, provide ∅10@290 52
Summary for the reinforcement
slab reinforcement

panel type Mu(kNm) d(mm) m AS,cal AS,min AS,max AS,prov ∅ Smax Sprov
+ve short 9 200 0.0159 0.0160 104 267 8800 267 10 400 290
+ve long 6.61 190 0.0129 0.0130 81 253 8800 267 10 400 290
1
-ve short 11.66 200 0.0206 0.0208 135 267 8800 267 10 400 290
-ve long 9.3 190 0.0182 0.0184 114 253 8800 267 10 400 290
+ve short 15.19 200 0.0268 0.0272 177 267 8800 267 10 400 290
+ve long 8.54 190 0.0167 0.0168 104 253 8800 267 10 400 290
2
-ve short 15.84 200 0.0280 0.0284 185 267 8800 267 10 400 290
-ve long 9.3 190 0.0182 0.0184 114 253 8800 267 10 400 290
+ve short 8.61 200 0.0152 0.0153 100 267 8800 267 10 400 290
+ve long 8.61 190 0.0168 0.0170 105 253 8800 267 10 400 290
3
-ve short 11.66 200 0.0206 0.0208 135 267 8800 267 10 400 290
-ve long 10.79 190 0.0211 0.0213 132 253 8800 267 10 400 290
+ve short 10.38 200 0.0183 0.0185 120 267 8800 267 10 400 290
+ve long 7.79 190 0.0152 0.0154 95 253 8800 267 10 400 290
4
-ve short 15.84 200 0.0280 0.0284 185 267 8800 267 10 400 290
-ve long 10.79 190 0.0211 0.0213 132 253 8800 267 10 400 53 290
Step-7:Check the depth for shear(Vc and Vsd)
Vx   vx pdLx
Vy   vy pdLx
𝐿𝑌
Panel-1 type-4 & =1.25
𝐿𝑋
 vx =0.455 ⇒Vx=0.455*11.48*4=20.9kN
𝐿𝑌
Panel-2 type-3 & =1.5
𝐿𝑋
 vx =0.51 ⇒Vx=0.51*15.98*4=32.6kN
𝐿𝑌
Panel-3 type-2 or 3 & =1
𝐿𝑋
 vx=0.36 ⇒Vx=0.36*11.48*5=20.7kN
𝐿𝑌
Panel-4 type-1 & =1.2
 vx=0.39 ⇒Vx=0.39*12.98*5=25.31kN
𝐿𝑋

54
Vmax=Vsd=32.6kN
Shear resisted by concrete;
≥
200
k=1+ 200/𝑑=1+ =2≤2
200
=267/(1000*200)=0.001335<0.02

<0.2fcd=0,because NED=0
k1=0.15, CRD,c=0.18/ϒc=0.18/1.5=0.12
Vmin=0.035k3/2fck1/2=0.035*23/2*251/2=0.495
VRd,c={0.12*2(100*0.001335*25)1/3}*1000*200≥
(0.495+0.15*0)*1000*200
VRd,c =71.73kN<99kN
Therefore, VRd,c =99kN…..shear resistance of concrete
Since, VRd,c =99kN>Vmax=Vsd=32.6kN……..the depth is
adequate for shear,it doesn’t need shear reinforecement.55
Step-8.1: Detailing of slab for positive reinforcement

1 ∅10@290 … . . 𝑀𝑥𝑓
2 ∅10@290 … . . 𝑀𝑦𝑓
3 ∅10@400 … . . 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ′ 𝑡
4 ∅10@400 … . . 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ′ 𝑡
56
for torsion
Step-8.2: Detailing of slab for negative reinforcement

5 ∅10@290 … . . 𝑀𝑥𝑠
6 ∅10@290 … . . 𝑀𝑦𝑠
7
∅10@400 … . . 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ′ 𝑡
8 ∅10@400 … . . 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ′ 𝑡
for torsion
57
58