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EE207: Digital Systems I, Semester I 2003/2004: CHAPTER 2-I: Combinational Logic Circuits (Sections 2.1 - 2.5)
EE207: Digital Systems I, Semester I 2003/2004: CHAPTER 2-I: Combinational Logic Circuits (Sections 2.1 - 2.5)
I, Semester I 2003/2004
CHAPTER 2-i:
Combinational Logic Circuits
(Sections 2.1 – 2.5)
Overview
• Binary logic and Gates
• Boolean Algebra
– Basic Properties
– Algebraic Manipulation
• Standard and Canonical Forms
– Minterms and Maxterms (Canonical forms)
– SOP and POS (Standard forms)
• Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps)
– 2, 3, 4, and 5 variable maps
– Simplification using K-Maps
• K-Map Manipulation
– Implicants: Prime, Essential
– Don’t Cares
F(vars) = expression
Operators ( +, •, ‘ )
Variables
set of binary
Constants ( 0, 1 )
variables
Groupings (parenthesis)
Example: F(a,b) = a’•b + b’
G(x,y,z) = x•(y+z’)
F = A•B G = A+B H = A’
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
1
Input A 0
1 Transitions
signals B 0
1
F=A•B 0 Basic
Gate
Assumption:
Output G=A+B 1
0 Zero time for
Signals
1 signals to
H=A’ 0 propagate
Through gates
28-Feb- Chapter 2-i: Combinational Logic 9
Circuits (2.1-- 2.5)
18
Combinational Logic Circuit
from Logic Function
• Consider function F = A’ + B•C’ + A’•B’
• A combinational logic circuit can be constructed to implement F, by
appropriately connecting input signals and logic gates:
– Circuit input signals from function variables (A, B, C)
– Circuit output signal function output (F)
– Logic gates from logic operations
A F
A F
C
B
A G
5. X+X=X -- Idepotence
6. X•X =X -- Idepotence Unchanged in
value following
7. X + X’ = 1 -- Complement multiplication by
itself
8. X • X’ = 0 -- Complement
9. (X’)’ = X -- Involution
1. X+0=X 2. X• 1 =X (dual of 1)
3. X + 1 = 1 4. X • 0 =0 (dual of 3)
5. X + X = X 6. X • X =X (dual of 5)
7. X + X’ = 1 8. X • X’ = 0 (dual of 8)
1. x + x•y = x
2. x•(x+y) = x (dual)
• Proof:
x + x•y = x•1 + x•y
= x•(1+y)
= x•1
=x
QED (2 true by duality)
1. xy + x’z + yz = xy + x’z
2. (x+y)•(x’+z)•(y+z) = (x+y)•(x’+z) -- (dual)
• Proof:
xy + x’z + yz = xy + x’z + (x+x’)yz
= xy + x’z + xyz + x’yz
= (xy + xyz) + (x’z + x’zy)
= xy + x’z
QED (2 true by duality).
• Example: Prove
x’y’z’ + x’yz’ + xyz’ = x’z’ + yz’
• Proof:
x’y’z’+ x’yz’+ xyz’
= x’y’z’ + x’yz’ + x’yz’ + xyz’
= x’z’(y’+y) + yz’(x’+x)
= x’z’•1 + yz’•1
= x’z’ + yz’
QED.
• Canonical Sum-Of-Products:
The minterms included are those mj such
that F( ) = 1 in row j of the truth table for F(
).
• Canonical Product-Of-Sums:
The maxterms included are those Mj such
that F( ) = 0 in row j of the truth table for F(
).
x2 x1
x1 0 1 x2 0 1
0 1 0 2
OR
0 m0 m1 0 m0 m2
2 3 1 3
1 m2 m3 1 m1 m3
yz
x 00 01 11 10
0 1 3 2
0 m0 m1 m3 m2
4 5 7 6
1 m4 m5 m7 m6
group of 4 terms
28-Feb- Chapter 2-i: Combinational Logic 47
Circuits (2.1-- 2.5)
18
Simplification
yz
X 00 01 11 10
• f1(x, y, z) = ∑ m(2,3,5,7) 0 1 1
1 1 1
f1(x, y, z) = x’y + xz
• f2(x, y, z) = ∑ m (0,1,2,3,6)
1 1 1 1
f2(x, y, z) = x’+yz’
1
00 m0 m1 m3 m2
01 m4 m5 m7 m6
10 m8 m9 m10 m11
00 1 1 1 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1 1 1 1
g(A,B,C,D) = c’+b’d’+a’bd
28-Feb- Chapter 2-i: Combinational Logic 52
Circuits (2.1-- 2.5)
18
5-Variable K-Map
DE
BC A=1
16 17 19 18
DE
BC 20 21 23 22
0 1 3 28 2 29 31 30
4 5 7 24 6 25 27 26
ABCDE’
12 13 15 14
8 9 11 10
A=0 A’BCDE’
acd
a’cd’
• f(a,b,c,d) =
cd
∑m(0,1,2,3,4,5,7,14,15). ab
• Five grouped terms, not all 1 1 1 1
needed. 1 1 1
• f = a’c’d+ab’+cd’+a’bd’ 1 1 0 1
0 0 x x
• The middle two terms are EPIs, while
1 1 x x
the first and last terms are selected to
cover the minterms m1, m4, and m5.
0 1 0 1
• (There’s a third solution!)
1 1 0 1
0 0 x x
1 1 x x
28-Feb- Chapter 2-i: Combinational Logic 64
Circuits (2.1-- 2.5)
18
cd
Another Example ab
x 1 0 0
1 x 0 x
• Simplify the function 1 x x 1
is shown at right. x 1 0 0
• g = a’c’+ ab 1 x 0 x
1 x x 1
or
0 x x 0
• g = a’c’+b’d
x 1 0 0
1 x 0 x
1 x x 1
0 x x 0
28-Feb- Chapter 2-i: Combinational Logic 65
Circuits (2.1-- 2.5)
18
Algorithmic minimization