Reza Triarda

+6281233236244
rezatriarda@ub.ac.id/
rezatriarda@gmail.com
“ "It is often impossible to explain crucial
decisions and policies without reference to
the decision makers' beliefs about the world
and their images of others" (1976,28)

”
International Internation
Relations al Politics Foreign
Policy
 FP FPB FPA
• The strategy or • The observable • How to learn
approach chosen artefacts of foreign policy in a
by the national foreign policy scientific manner
government to • Specific actions • The subfield of
achieve its goal in and words used to International
its relations with influence others in Relations that
external entities. the realm of seeks to explain
• This ALSO foreign policy foreign policy, or,
INCLUDES alternatively,
decisions to DO foreign policy
NOTHING behaviour

FPB lebih memungkinkan untuk diteliti karena meninggalkan bukti

yang nampak, misalnya aktor `who does what to whom, why`
dalam HI
What FPA… ???

FPA examines FP in terms of :

(contents of foreign policies) and

(how foreign policies are being
made).

• It focuses on —— the actors and processes involved

in foreign policy decision making.
• It seeks to understand——the contexts, pressures and
constraints in which FPs are being shaped and made.
• Decision • Actor-specific • psycho-milieu
making process behaviour • psychological,
• Organizational • Generalizations political and
behaviour on nation-state social contexts
behaviour of the
• Comparative individuals in
foreign policy decision
making
 Snyder Rosenau Sprout
Proses pengambilan Pengembangan actor Psycho-milieu
keputusan sebagai specific theory yang (psikologis, situasional,
eksplanasi dari luaran berkembang menjadi politis, dan konteks
Politik Luar Negeri generalisasi pro posisi sosial) individu yang
pada level middle terlibat dalam
range theory pengambilan
kebijakan
Bersifat multilevel, Menghubungkan Melihat konteks aktor
multicausal, integrasi berbagai level analisis, spesifik dalam menilai
sistem dari berbagai misalnya dari individu dan merespon suatu
sistem pengetahuan pada sistem hal dari konteks sosial
ilmu sosial internasional dan perilaku kognitif
 Snyder: researchers needs to look beyond the nation state level
of analysis to the players involved. Focus should be on decision
making process not just the outcomes
 Rosenau: States are not all the same but there are patterns and
similarities among types of states that we can uncover making
foreign policy behaviour explainable and predictable
 Spouts: psychological factors and perceptions are important

SCHOLARS/AUTHORS
 Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision, (1971)
 M.H. Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, (1974)
 Ole Holsti, The ‘Operational Code’ as an Approach to the
analysis of Belief System, (1977)
 M. Shapiro & M. Bonham, Cognitive Process and Foreign
Policy, 1973
 Cognitive Process
 Leader Personality and Orientation
 Small Group Dynamics
 Interface of Leader personality and Small group
composition
 Organizational process
 Bureaucratic Process
 Culture and Foreign Policy
 Domestic Political Contestation
 National Attributes and Foreign Policy
 System Effects on Foreign Policy