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Handout Ekonomika Mikro - Ari Sudarman
Handout Ekonomika Mikro - Ari Sudarman
• Part 1: Introduction
• 1. Economic Model
• Part 2: Demand
• 2. Utility and Choice
• 3. Individual Demand Curve
• 4. Market Demand and Elasticity
• Part 3: Production, Cost and Supply
• 5. Production
• 6. Cost
• 7. Profit Maximization and Supply
• Part 4: Model of Market Equilibrium
• 8. Perfect Competition
• 9. Applying the Competitive Model
• 10. Monopoly
• 11. Imperfect Competition
• 12. Strategy and Game Theory
• Part 5: Further Topics
• 13. Labor Markets
• 14. Capital Markets
• 15. Uncertainty and Information
• 16. Externalities and Public Goods
Brief Contents Eleventh Edition
• PART 1. INTRODUCTION
• Ch. 1 Economic Model
• PART 2. DEMAND
• Ch. 2 Utility and Choice
• Ch. 3 Demand Curves
• PART 3. UNCERTAINTY AND
STRATEGY
• Ch. 4 Uncertainty
• Ch. 5 Game Theory
Continues
• Ch. 7 Cost
• Ch. 8 Profit Maximization and Supply
• PART 5. PERFECT COMPETITION
• Ch. 9 Perfect Competition in a Single
market
• Ch. 10 General Equilibrium and Welfare
• PART 6. MARKET POWER
• Ch. 11 Monopoly
• Ch. 12 Imperfect Competition
Continues
• PART 7. INPUT MARKETS
• Ch. 13 Pricing in Input Market
• Ch. 14 Capital and Time
• PART 8. MARKET FAILURES
• Ch. 15 Asymmetric Information
• Ch. 16 Externalities and Public Goods
• Ch. 17 Behavioral Economics
• Pertanyaan:
• 1.Apakah yg dimaksudkan dengan permintaan
dlm ekonomika mikro itu?
• Ingat:
• Ada permintaan barang/jasa (baik level
konsumen individu→d, maupun level konsumen
keseluruhan di pasar→D)dan ada permintaan
faktor produksi (baik pada level produsen
individu, maupun level produsen seluruh pasar).
• U=XαYß
• MUx=αXα-1 Yß
• MUy=ßXαYß-1
• MRSxfory=MUx/MUy →
• MRSxfory=(αXα-1Yß)/(ßXαYß-1)→
• Sehingga MRSxfory=αY/ßX
• Model Cobb-Douglass dimana α+ß=1;
• Syarat 1 utk terjadinya U maksimal (U*):
• MRSxfory= Px/Py
• αY/ßX = Px/Py atau
• Py.Y=(ß/α).Px.X=(1-α)/α.Px.X
• dan kalau dimasukkan ke pers.anggaran
• X.Px+Y.Py=I
• akan menjadi:
• X*=(αI)/Px dan Y*=(ßI)/Py
• Complements are two goods such that when the price of one
increases, the quantity demanded of the other falls.
• Substitutes are two goods such that when the price of one
increase, the quantity of the other rises.
• Accounting cost is the concept that goods or services cost what was
paid for them.
• Rental rate (v) is the cost of hiring one machine for one
hour.
• →TC = wL+vK
• Long run is the period of a time in which a firm may consider all of its
inputs to be variable in making its decisions→Fig.1 dan 6.6
• Fixed costs is a costs associated with inputs that are fixed in the
short run.
• IQ bersingggungan IC
• Slope IQ = slope IC atau
• MRTS(LforK)=w/v atau
• MPl/MPk=w/v→MPl/w=MPk/v
• Contoh:
• Diketahui: Q=10√KL; w=$5/u dan v=$5/u
• Pertanyaan:bila q=40 maka tentukan LCC!
• Jawab:
• Q=40→40=10√KL→4=√KL→16=KL
• →L=16/K
• LCC→MPl/MPk=w/v
• 0,5K/0,5L=5/5→K/L=5/5→K/5=L/5
• K/5=(16/K)/5→5K=80/K→5K²=80
• K²=16→K=4 sehingga L=16/K=4→lihat hal.213
• Contoh soal 1.
• Perusahaan garment memilik fungsi produksi
sbb.: q=2K+L
• Pertanyaan:
• 1.Tentukan bentuk grafik isoquant utk.q=20;
q=40 dan q=60! Hitung MRTS k utk.l sepanjang
isoquant tsb.!
• 2.Apabila diketahui Pk (v)=$1 dan Pl juga
(w)=$1, maka tentukan kombinasi K dan L yang
optimal utk.menghasilkan q tsb.soal 1 di atas!
• 3.Apa yg.terjadi kalau seandainya v naik
menjadi $3,c.p, thdp.jawaban soal 2 di atas!
• Contoh soal 2.
• Perusahaan skateboard memiliki fungsi biaya
produksi sbb:TC=q³-40q²+430q+100
• Pertanyaan:
• 1.Tentukan bagaimana bentuk fungsi-fungsi
AVC dan MC!
• 2.Hitung FC,VC dan TC pada waktu q=10!
• 3.Pada tingkat q berapa AVC minimum?
• 4.Pada tingkat q berapa nilai AVC=MC,
jelaskan!
• 5.Bagaimana bentuk grafik dari kurva-kurva
biaya tsb. di atas!
• Contoh 3
• Diketahui fungsi produksi: q=20√KL;
• w=$5 dan v=$10
• Pertanyaan:
• a.Tentukan bentuk isoquant q=40!
• b.Hitung berapa MRTS lfork pada waktu
digunakan 8 dan L 6, jelaskan artinya!
• c.Untuk menghasilkan q=40 tsb.tentukan
LCCnya dan berapa biaya itu, buktikan bahwa
itu biaya minimal!
• d.Bagaimana bentuk fungsi TC,AC dan MC!
• Chapter 7. Profit Maximization and Supply
• Long-run Supply:
• Constant/increasing/decreasing cost case is a
market in which entry or exit has no
effect/increases/decreases on the cost curves of
firms →lihat fig.8.7 s/d 8.9
• Contoh soal 1.
• Widget Inc.yang beroperasi dalam PPS
memiliki fungsi biaya sbb.:
STC=0,33q³+10q²+100q+48
• Pertanyaan:
• a.Bila harga output $256 per unit, maka
tentukan output optimal dan hitung profit
perusahaan!
• b.Identifikasi kurva penawaran jangka
pendek perusahaan tsb. Dan lukis
bagaimana bentuknya dlm. grafik!
• Contoh soal 2.
• Local gasoline station beroperasi dalam
PPS.Masing-masing pengusaha memiliki fungsi
biaya rata-rata jangka panjang sbb.:
AC=0,01q-1+100/q
• Pertanyaan:
• a.Apabila diketahui fungsi permintaan pasarnya
adalah: Qd=2.500.000-500.000P, maka hitung
berapa harga keseimbangan jangka
panjangnya!
• b.Berapa jumlah gasoline yg.diminta pada harga
tsb. Soal a di atas, dan berapa pula jumlah
gasoline station yg.ada di wilayah tsb.,jelaskan!
• Chapter 9. Applying the Competitive
Model
• PCM menjamin:
• 1.Equilibrium prices for all goods
• 2.Will bring about an economically efficient
allocation of resources
• Consumer surplus is the extra value individuals
receive from consuming a good over what they
pay for it. What people would be willing to pay
for the right to consume a good at its current
price.
• Aplikasi:
• 1. Output/Price control and shortages (p.325-
333)
• 2.Tax incidence (p.333-341)
• 3.Trade restrictions (p.341-343)
• Tax incidence theory is the study of the
final burden of a tax after considering all
market reaction to it.
• Pertanyaan:
• a.Hitung berapa harga keseimbangan domestik produk tsb.!
• b.Seandainya produk tsb.dapat diimpor dari negara lain, dengan
harga $10 per unit dan pemerintah mengijinkan perdagangan
bebas, maka menurut sdr.berapa jumlah radio portabel yang
dikonsumsi/dibeli di dalam negri?Dari jumlqh itu berapa
yg.diproduksi di dalam negri dan bertapa yg.diimpor, jelaskan!
• c.Kalau dari setiap produk yg.diimpor dikenai tariff $5 per unit, maka
tentukan posisi keseimbangan pasar yang baru! Berapa jumlah tariff
yg.dapat dikumpulkan oleh pemerintah? Berapa consumer surplus
yang pindah ke produsen domestik, jelaskan! Hitung pula berapa
deadweight lossyang muncul akibat dari kebijaksanaan tarif tsb. di
atas!
•
• Why markets fail to achieve economic
efficiency?
• Lihat: Fiq.10.1
• What’s wrong with monopoly?
• 1.Profitability→Fiq.10.2
• 2.Distortion of resource
allocation→Fiq.10.3
• 1.Allocational effects
• 2.Distributional effects
• Monopoly rent is the profit that a monopolist
earns in the long run.
• Price discrimination is selling identical units of
output at different prices.
• Perfect price discrimination is selling each unit of
output for the highest price obtainable. Extracts
all of the consumer surplus available in a given
market.
• Bentuk-bentuk PDP yang lain:
• 1.Quantity discounts
• 2.Two part tariffs
• 3.Market separation
• Regulation of natural monopoly:
• Q1*=f(Q2) dan
• Q2*=f(Q1)
Cournot Equilibrium
• Cournot equilibrium is a situation in which
neither firm has an incentive to change its
output given the other firms output.
• CE→RF1=RF2
P=a-bQ=a-b(Q1+Q2)
P=a-bQ1-bQ2
• TR1= PxQ1= aQ1-bQ12-bQ2Q1 dan
TR2=PxQ2=aQ2-bQ1Q2-bQ22 bila
• RF1→Q1=[(a-c1):2b]-0,5Q2 dan
• RF2→Q2=[9a-c2):2b]-0,5Q2
P=120-Q1-Q2
C=0
• TR1=120Q1-Q12-Q1Q2
• MR1=120-2Q1-Q2
• TR2=120Q2-Q1Q2-Q22
• MR2=120=Q1-2Q2
• Bila MC1=MC2=0 maka
• RF1→Q1=(120-Q2):2 dan
• RF2→Q2=(120-Q2):2
• Hingga CP→Q1*=40 Q2*=40 P*=$40 dan
∏1=∏2=$1600
• Entry,Exit and Strategy
• →lihat p.403 s/d 409
• v=MEk=MRk=MPk.MR dan
• w=MEl=MRl=MPl.MR
• v=MPk.P=VMPk
• w=MPl.P=VMPl→atau MPl/MPk=w/v
• →atau MTRSl for k=w/v→konsisten analisis
• terdahulu!
Bertrand Model
• Bertrand model is an oligopoly model in
which firms simultaneously choose prices.
1.Compulsary taxation.
• Lindahl equilibrium is a balance between
people’s demand for public goods an the
tax shares that each must pay for
them→lihat fig.16.5
2.Direct voting→lihat fig.16.6
Overview of Games