Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Preparatoria 15
Unidad 15 Florida

Physics

Ing. Juan Efrain González Flores

Integrantes:
Isaac Alvarado Bermúdez 1741961
Robson Gomes González 1750620
Ana Sofia Palacios Hernandez 1742066
Estefania Salisbury Flores 1736352
Myriam Esmeralda Solís Cavazos 1727020
Rosa Villanueva Guerra 1726049
Irma Sarahí Zamudio Martínez 1722389
 INTRODUCTION
‘’OPTIC’’

Light is perceived by human eye.

- The Light as we can see with our eyes, it’s because of a Phenomena of a wave (diffraction, reflection and
refraction) as the sound, and because it’s a disturbance that only propagates in the vacuum.
Also, it’s considered as a perturbation because it doesn’t need a mean for its propagation.
Light, under certain conditions, propagates in straight line and, in this case, its study will represent it trough
straight rays. This way of representation is called GEOMETRIC OPTICS. (Light assigned a behavior of ray)

- We consider that around of an obstacle, light is deflected, due to the phenomena of diffraction.
The analysis of light from this consideration is called PHYSICAL OPTICS. ( Interpreted that light behaves as a
corpuscle )

Light as any other electromagnetic radiation, presents this duality in its behavior.
6.1 NATURE OF LIGHT
• The first ideas
• Democritus: (5th century B.C) who
believed that light was a great amount of
particles expelled by the visible bodies.

Pythagoras: (580-500 B.C) indicated that light amanates

from luminous bodies in all directions, collides against
the object, bounces, and enter the eyes, producing the
sensation of see such objects.
Aristotle: (384-322 B.C) all space was filled of ether
and an object was perceived by its motion; he
considered the light as a type of pulse in the ethereal
ocean.
• Samos Epicurus: (341-270) though that light was emitted in a
form of ray, which when entering the eye, it stimulated the sense
of sight.

• Leonardo da Vinci: (1452-1517 B.C) was the first

in relating the light, sound, and water as waves.
He wrote that the waves of light were separating
from a body, propagating in circles and filling the
space around it.

• Descartes: (1596-1650) considered that light was as a pressure

that propagates in the dense universe filled of particles, and it
was perceived through vibrations.
• Isaac Newton: (1642-1727) demonstrated that
through the corpuscle of light theory it is was possible Christian Huygens: (1629-1695) formalized
to explain the phenomena related with the reflection the wave theory of the light and with it he also
and refraction. proved the Laws of Reflection and Refraction

• Francisco Grimaldi: (1618-1663) he was

experimentally proved the wave theory, when
detecting that light presented diffraction effects.
• Thomas Young (1773-1829) performed the first
convincing proof about the wave nature of light,
when discover that under certain conditions, the
light shows characteristics of superposition
(interference).

• Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1829) who performed many

experiments in which phenomena of interference and
diffraction were detected.
• James Clerk Maxwell: (1831-1879) who proved in 1873 that
light is an electromagnetic wave of high frequency that moves in
the vacuum at speed of 3×108 m/s, and that it considered as a
combination of variable electric and magnetic fields+
perpendicular between them and also perpendicular to the
speed of propagation of the wave.
• Henrich Rudolph Hertz: (1857-1894) proved the light, as
the electromagnetic waves, presented reflection,
refraction, and diffraction phenomena.
• Albert Einstein (1879-1955) explained the “photoelectric
effect” using the Planck's Quantum Theory.
• Max Planck: (1858-1947) returns the
corpuscle interpretation of the light to explain
the explain the radiation emitted by a “black
body”, giving the beginning to the quantum
mechanics. In this model, Planck proposed
that the thermal energy emitted by a body is
showed in discrete packages called quantum,
which in the particular case of the luminous
energy they are called photos.
• As a conclusion, we can say that light has a dual nature,
science to explain some of its effects, for example the way
it propagates and its interference, it is considered as a
wave, and to explain the photoelectric effect or some other
when interacting the light whit, the matter, it is supposed
that it is formed by particles.
6.3 SPEED OF LIGHT
- Galileo Galilei:
First tries to measure experimentally
the velocity of the light. Only reached to confirm
that the light was transmitted instantaneously.

-Ole Roemer:
First to estimating the speed of
light.
He studied a moon of Jupiter
and based on the times of Jupiter
eclipses.
A variation of 1,300 seconds when the earth was farther from Jupiter .
And this time needs the light from the
moon of Jupiter to cover the diameter of Earth orbit

𝒔 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏𝒎
𝒗= = = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎 (To calculate the speed of light)
𝒕 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒔
 - Armand H.L. Fizeau:
First reliable measurement of speed of light.
He used a rotating strobe disc, a mirror, semi silvered glass and
light source.
The speed calculated by Fizeau was 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎Τ𝒔

- Albert Abraham Michelson

used the Foucault method who had refined
in 1850 the apparatus developed by Fizeau,
when substituting the rotating strobe disc by
a rotating mirror.
He calculated the value of the speed of
light in the air that nowadays its
accepted:

𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎Τ𝒔
= 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎Τ𝒔
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC IS CONSTITUTED BY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THAT
EXIST. ALL OF THEM ARE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THAT HAVE
AN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD

THERE ARE TRANSVERSE WAVES; THE BASIC

DIFFERENCE OF EACH CLASS IS ITS FREQUENCY
AND ITS WAVELENGTH
 THE SPEED OF PROPAGATION OF ALL
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS IS 300000KM/S IN A
VACUUM

Maxwell was the

first
in proposing
the previus James Clerk Maxwell
IN THE SPECTRUM IT IS POSSIBLE TO VISUALIZE HOW THE
WAVE LENGTH DECREASES IN A PROGRESSIVE WAY AND
STARTS WITH THE LOW FREQUENCY, SHORT RADIO WAVES,
INFRARED, REGION OF VISIBLE LIGHT, ULTRAVIOLET, X-
RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS.
THE WAVELENGTH(ʎ) OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION IS RELATED TO ITS FREQUENCY(F) BY
THE GENERAL EQUATION:

C:ʎF
WHERE C IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM
6.3 SPECTRUM OF VISIBLE LIGHT

The region of spectrum that covers the Since such wavelengths are too short,
visible light, in wavelengths, is over
they’re expressed in nanometers in the
0.00004cm and .00007cm.
International System.
Therefore, the spectrum of visible light is
between the wavelengths 400 nm for the -7 -9

ultraviolet and 700 nm for the red light. 1nm = 10 m = 10 cm

Isaac Newton was the first person who
experiments with the spectrum. His
experiment was consisted about, inside a
dark room, a beam of sunlight passes into a
small triangular glass (prism).

When light passes through it, its

discomposed and appears as a color band.
That color band is called visible spectrum.
Newton discovered the white light’s
composed by the superposition of colors.
The only difference between each color is
just its frequency.
-14
Red’s frequency = 3x10 Hz
-14
Violet’s freq. = 8x10 Hz

Another way to represent the wavelength is with

-10
Angstrom (Å) = 10 m
6.4 REFLECTION OF LIGHT
The reflection is a phenomenon that describes the way that the light
returns to its original medium as a result of incident on a surface.
The smooth surface that reflects the light rays received is called mirror.
A beam of light that incident on a mirror is called incident and a rejected light is called
reflected.

incident
light

Reflected
light

mirror
Specular or regular reflection Diffuse or irregular reflection

• Reflection Law: indicates that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
𝜃 i = θ rx

The incident, reflected and

normal ray lies on the same
plane.
6.5 MIRRORS
Mirror is any smooth surface that reflects the light rays that it receives.

Planes mirror
 PLANE MIRROR
• Reflected surface is flat.
• This type of mirror creates a virtual image symmetrical to the
real one.
• A real image is formed by true light rays that pass through it.
• On the other hand, virtual image is formed by the light that
comes from the object.
SPHERICAL MIRROR

• Is formed by a section of reflective sphere.

• Concave mirror is a curved mirror with the reflecting surface
on the hollow side.
• Convex mirror is a curved mirror with the reflecting surface
on the outer side.
• The spherical mirror has:
• If a ray passes through the center, it will be reflected on the same line.
• If the ray is parallel to the axis, it will be reflected passing through the focal
point.
MAIN RAYS IN MIRRORS: IMAGES FORMED
The images formed in the spherical mirrors are determined from
two or three particular rays (parallel, focal and radial).

PARALLEL RAY TO THE AXIS OF THE MIRROR

It is reflected and passes through the focal point of the concave
mirror or comes from the focus of a convex mirror.
 FOCAL RAY
The ray passes through the focal point and is reflected
parallel to the axis of the mirror.
 CHIEF OR RADIAL RAY
The ray pass through the center of the curvature and it’s
reflected along the path of the original ray.
 According to the distance of an object respect to the center of the
curvature or the focus, the different images are produced.

OBJECT BEYOND C

 The image formed is between F and C

 Is a real image but inverted
 Smaller than the object
 OBJECT BETWEEN C AND F

 The image formed is beyond

from C
 Real, inverted
 Enlarged

OBJECT AT THE CENTER

 The image formed is in C

 Real, inverted
 Same size
 OBJECT AT THE FOCAL POINT

 Image is not formed (located

in the infinite)

OBJECT BETWEEN F AND V

 Image appears at the back of the

mirror
 Virtual
 Right and enlarged
MIRROR EQUATION

q
R
p
 MIRROR EQUATION
If p is a distance from object to mirror, q is the distance from mirror to
image, R is the radius of the curvature, y is a size of the object, y’ is a size of
the image and f is a focal length, we have:

1 +1 = 1 y’ M(+) Image upright

M=
f q p y M(-) Image inverted

Where the signs of convection are:

The distance to object p for real objects (+) and for virtual objects (-)
The distance to image q for real images (+) and for virtual images (-)
The focal distance f is positive for converging mirrors (concaves) and negative
for diverging mirrors (convex)
Position of the object Type of image

p>R Real, inverted and

reduced

p= R Real, inverted and same

size

f>p<R Real, inverted and

enlarged q

p=f Image is not formed R

p=f Virtual, upright and p

enlarged
FORMULARY
• Reflection Law: Position of the object Type of image
p>R Real, inverted and
• Mirror equation: reduced
p= R Real, inverted and same
size
• General equation:
f>p<R Real, inverted and
c:ʎf enlarged
• Magnification factor (M): p=f Image is not formed

y’ p=f Virtual, upright and

M= enlarged
y
ACTIVITY