Lecture - 1 (Satellite Technology)

SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
Instructor:
Muhammad Aneel
BEIT-7
Satellite Technology 1
SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
 Overview
 Applications
 Orbits
 Injection into orbit
 Orbital velocity
 Orbital maintenance and maneuvering
 Pakistan satellite program
OVERVIEW
 An artificial satellite is a spacecraft orbiting around the Earth
caring several instruments pertaining to its mission.
 Development in rocket and missile technology led to the satellite

technology.
 Three or more stage rocket engine is necessary to achieve the

required velocity to inject the satellite in the orbit.
 The satellites are tracked and controlled by ground based radio

station.
OVERVIEW
 1957 first satellite SPUTNIK by USSR
 1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO
 1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM
 1965 first commercial geostationary satellite „Early Bird“ (INTELSAT I)
 1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A

 1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data communication
INMARSAT-C
 1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones
APPLICATIONS
 Traditionally
 weather satellites
 radio and TV broadcast satellites
 military satellites
 satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)
 Telecommunication
 global telephone connections
 backbone for global networks
 connections for communication in remote places or
underdeveloped areas
 global mobile communication
 satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM or
AMPS)
APPLICATIONS
 Space exploration
 Natural resource exploration
 Geo- Mapping
SATELLITE ORBITS
 Satellite orbit has two characteristics.
 Its angle w.r.t equator plane. The angle of the orbit plane determines
the extent to which it will cover the parts of the globe.
 Perigee and apogee of elliptical orbit.
 The minimum altitude required for orbiting a satellite is 155km,

which is well outside the atmosphere.
SATELLITE ORBITS
3/2 1/2
T = ( 2r )/(  )
ORBITS
 Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on

the shape and diameter of the orbit:
 GEO: geostationary Earth orbit, 36000 km above earth surface
 LEO: (Low Earth Orbit): 500 - 1500 km
 MEO: (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit):
6000 - 20000 km
 HEO: (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits
 EARTH RADIUS: Mean earth radius is 6338.137km and GEO
radius from the centre of the earth is 42164.17km.
ORBITS
GEO (Inmarsat)
HEO MEO (ICO)
LEO inner and outer Van

(Globalstar, Allen belts
Irdium)
earth
1000
10000
35786 km
ORBITS
 GEO Orbit altitude is 35786 km
 Three properly positioned communication satellites cover the
entire globe. Geostationary orbit is a specific orbit, it lies in the
equator plane i.e. zero inclination and the satellites remain fix
over the region they are employed for.
 LEO orbit altitude is 500 -1500 km
 Visibility of satellite is 10 - 40 minutes. Many satellites are
necessary for global coverage. Iridium ( start 1998, 66 satellites).
Global star ( start 1999, 48 satellites)
 Iridium is currently in – operation system utilizing 66 satellites in
six 84.4 degree inclined orbital planes at the height of 780 km
with an orbital period of 100miutes and 28 second.
ORBITS
 LEO satellites system is a complex system due to moving
satellites. Atmospheric drag results in orbital deterioration and
the life of the satellite is dramatically reduced.
 MEO orbit altitude is 5000 – 20000 km.
 It is simpler to design a system for this orbit. Less number of

slow moving satellites is required.
 INMARSAT is in – operation in ICO ( Intermediate circular orbit )
at the height of 10000 km. Modest number of satellites in 2 to 3
planes are required for global coverage. Satellite orbital period is
6 hrs and its visibility time over the local horizon is of the order of
few hrs.
ORBITS
IRIDIUM SYSTEM OF SATELLITES
ORBITS
 GPS ( Global positioning system ) is a prime example of MEO system.

It uses satellites and computers to measure position anywhere on the
Earth.
 GPS system comprises 24 satellites in six orbital planes.
 It allows land, sea and airborne users to determine their position,

velocity and time 24 hrs. a day, in all weather, any where in the world.
MEO SYSTEMS
INJECTION INTO ORBIT
 There is a specific velocity required for attaining a specific orbit
at a given altitude.
 There are two methods to inject the satellite into proper orbit. (1)
Direct injection (2) step injection.
 After launch the spacecraft is separated from the launch vehicle

at a particular altitude with a particular velocity in a particular
direction.
Additional Velocity Imparted here
Parking Orbit

Impulse
application
Final Orbit
 If the spacecraft encounters no disturbance then the energy and
momentum of the spacecraft will remain constant through the
life time of the spacecraft.
 The spacecraft energy and momentum determine the orbit

altitude as a function of time. As the spacecraft loses energy, it
slows down and comes down into the lower orbit, its velocity
increases at the less altitude and imbalance between C.P and
C.F results in satellite destruction in atmosphere.
ORBITAL VELOCITY
Focus
Apogee Perigee
Radius, ra Radius, rp
Sámi measure axis (a) Sámi measure axis (a)
ORBITAL VELOCITY
e = eccentricity = (ra – rp) / (ra + rp)
e Orbit  Elliptical Orbital Velocity

1/2
0 Circle (a = r) [ra = rp] V = [µ(2/r–1/a)]
el
 Circular Orbital Velocity

<1 Ellipse (a > 0) [rp > 0] 1/2
V = (µ/r)
c
1 Parabola [a   (undefined)]  Escape Velocity

[rp = 0] 1/2
V = (2µ/r)
es
>1 Hyperbola (a < 0)   = G Me
ORBITAL VELOCITY

Vc
2
Vc
>
V
2
la
bo
V=
r
pe
Hy
ola
rab
Vc = velocity in circular Orbit

Pa
ORBITAL VELOCITY
 From above equations it clear that escape velocity is  2 times
the circular velocity and elliptical orbit velocity is less than
circular velocity. Normally for lower orbits orbital velocity lies
between 5 to 7Km/s.
 If the velocity is less than 5m/s the satellite will fall in the
atmosphere and disintegrate in it. If the velocity is equal to
5Km/s it will orbit in circular path. If more than 5Km/s it will orbit
in elliptical path. If the velocity is greater than 7Km/s it will
escape.
ORBITAL MANEUVERING AND
MAINTENANCE
 Sometimes plane change or transfer of a satellite from one orbit
to another by means of change in velocity is required because
of safety or launch site cannot launch the satellite in that plane.
 Orbit change can be achieved by the addition of the velocity

component v that is necessary to change the direction of the
initial velocity vector.
ORBITAL MANEUVERING AND
MAINTENANCE
| v | = 2 | v | sin /2
PAKISTAN SATELLITE PROGRAMM
 SUPARCO built communication satellites Badar 1 and Badar b and

they were launched on Chinese long march rocket in1990 and
Russian Zenit 2 rocket in 2001 respectively but launching was not
successful.
 Pakistan is striving to develop the indigenous SLV to place the

satellite in the orbit. SLV would be derived from an already available
missile launching system. All the experiments necessary to ready
the SLV are in process. In march 2005, president Pervez Mushraf
emphasized on the research and development of an indigenous
launch capability which would place domestically built satellite
Paksat-IR. However date of completion of this project is not given.
 SUPARCO (Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission)

has outlined their future programs like remote sensing and
geographic satellites. In this regard SUPARCO has established a
RS-GIS centre in Karachi.
 Satellite application programs are being studied. For instance,
 Remote sensing application
 Space and atmospheric sciences
 Global navigation satellite system application.
 Tele-medicine and Tele- education.
 Pakistan has been allocated geostationary orbit at 38 degree east
longitude. Pakistan has leased an in- orbit satellite H-G-S-3 from
M/S Hughes Global Service. The HGS-3 renamed as paksat-1 is
already providing services to a number of users. This satellite
provides high quality communication to Pakistan, Africa and Middle
East. Paksat-1 has two beams in each C and KU bands; C1,C2 in C
K1,K2 in KU band respectively. C1 covers mainly Africa and Middle
East. C2 covers South Asia, Middle East, Africa, central Asia and
South Europe. In KU band K1 covers mainly Middle East, and
Eastern Africa. K2 covers South East and central Asia.
 Pakistan is developing a new satellite the PAKSAT-IR which will
replace the leased paksat-1 communication satellite.
THANK YOU

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SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY

 Development in rocket and missile technology led to the satellite

 Three or more stage rocket engine is necessary to achieve the

 The satellites are tracked and controlled by ground based radio

 1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A

 Satellite orbit has two characteristics.

 Perigee and apogee of elliptical orbit.

 The minimum altitude required for orbiting a satellite is 155km,

 Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on

HEO MEO (ICO)

LEO inner and outer Van

 It is simpler to design a system for this orbit. Less number of

 GPS ( Global positioning system ) is a prime example of MEO system.

 It allows land, sea and airborne users to determine their position,

 After launch the spacecraft is separated from the launch vehicle

 The spacecraft energy and momentum determine the orbit

Sámi measure axis (a) Sámi measure axis (a)

e Orbit  Elliptical Orbital Velocity

 Circular Orbital Velocity

1 Parabola [a   (undefined)]  Escape Velocity

Vc = velocity in circular Orbit

 Orbit change can be achieved by the addition of the velocity

 SUPARCO built communication satellites Badar 1 and Badar b and

 Pakistan is striving to develop the indigenous SLV to place the

 SUPARCO (Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission)

 Satellite application programs are being studied. For instance,

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