Lecture 7

Load flow
Newton Raphson
 Tayler Series
If you have a function in one variable: F(x)
f (x )  2f (x )  3f ( x )
f (x )  f (a )  (x  a )  ( x  a ) 2
 ( x  a ) 3
 ...
x a 2!x a2
3!x a 3

Initial value u f ( x )
f (x )  f (a )   ( x  a )u

u 1 u ! x u
a

f (x )  2f (x )  3f ( x )
f (x )  f (a )  (x  a )  ( x  a ) 2
 ( x  a ) 3
 ...
x a 2!x a2
3!x a 3

f (x )
f (x ) f (a )  (x  a )
x a
f (x )
f (x ) f x
f (x )  f (a ) (x  a ) x
x a
If you have a function in more than one variable: F(x,y)
f f
f (x , y )  f (a , b )  (x  a )  (y  b )
x a ,b y a ,b

 2f  2
f
Initial value  (x  a ) 
2
(y b ) 2  ...
2!x 2 a ,b
2!  y 2
a ,b

 u f  u
f 
f (x , y )  f (a, b )    (x  a ) 
u
(y  b ) 
u

u 1  u !x
u
u !  y u 
a a 
f f
f (x , y ) f (a, b )  (x  a )  (y  b )
x a y a

f f
f (x , y )  f (a, b ) (x  a )  (y  b )
x a y a
f f
f x  y
x y
 Power equation
b
Pi   V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1
b
Q i   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

P2  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b ) Q 2  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )

. .
. .
Pi  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b ) Q i  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )
. .
. .
Pb  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b ) Qb  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )
 Apply Tayler series on Power equation
At P-Q bus: P2 , P3 ,....Pi ,....Pb  Given
V 2 ,...V i ,...V b 
unknown
assumption
 1  2 ,...  i ...  b 
unknown
assumption
0
b
Pi calculate
  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

P2 calculate P3 calculate Pb Pi  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )

calculate

Pi Pi
Pi  Pi (V 2 ...V b ,  2 ...b ) cal  v 2  ...  v b
given
v 2 v b
Pi Pi
+  2  ...  b
 2 b
Pi Pi Pi Pi
Pi  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
 Pi Pi Pi Pi
Pi  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2
P2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3

P3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4

P4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 Apply Tayler series on Power equation
At P-Q bus: Q 2 , Q3 ,....Qi ,....Qb  Given
V 2 ,...V i ,...V b 
unknown
assumption
 1  2 ,...  i ...  b 
unknown
assumption
0
b
Qi calculate
  V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

Q 2 calculate Q 3 calculate Qb Q i  f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )

calculate

Q i Q i
Qi  Q i (V 2 ...V b ,  2 ...b ) cal  v 2  ...  v b
given
v 2 v b
Q i Q i
+  2  ...  b
 2 b
Q i Q i Q i Q i
Q i  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
 Q i Q i Q i Q i
Q i  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2
Q 2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
Q 3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4
Q 4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2
P2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3
P3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4
P4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2
Q 2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
Q 3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4
Q 4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
   P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2  v
 2 
P
 2
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 
   P P3 P3 P3 P3 P3   
 P3   3   v 3 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 P4   P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4  
 v 4 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 Q   Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 
  2 
 2   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 
  3 
 Q 3   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 
  4 
 Q 4   v v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
 2

mismatches Jacobian matrix

    
 P     v 

J
    
    
    P
J1
     v
 Q       P
     J2
     
Q
J3
     v
 P  


 
 
J J   v 
 
 
J4
Q

   



 
 Q  
 
 
1J 2J  
   
 
 
     
 v     P 
  
  
 
   J -1 







      Q 
    
    

k 1
Vi  V i  v i
k

 i
k 1
 i
k
  i
Newton Raphson Flow Chart Construct Ybus

Flat start |V|=1 & δ=0

Modify
V i k 1  V i k  v i
Calculate P & Q Ɐ bus
 ik 1   ik   i which have P &Q given

    
Calculate
 v     P  ΔP =Pgiven - Pcal
  
  
 
  
J-1 







ΔQ =Qgiven - Qcal
      Q 
    
    

Calculate No Check Yes

Jacobin matrix J |ΔP| & |ΔQ|≤ ε

Stop
Thanks……
   P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2  v
 2 
P
 2
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 

J J
   P P3 P3 P3 P3 P3   
 P3   3   v 3 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 P4   P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4  
 v 4 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
 
 Q   Q 2
 2   v 2 1
Q 2
v 3
Q 2
v 4
Q 2
 2 2 Q 2
 3

Q 2 

  2 
 4  






 
  Q 3
 Q 3   v 2
 
  Q 4
J
Q 3
v 3
Q 4
Q 3
v 4
Q 4
Q 3
 2
Q 4
J Q 3
 3
Q 4

Q 3 


Q 4 

  3 
 4  

  4 



 Q 4   v

3 4
 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   

mismatches Jacobian matrix

 Load Flow Techniques
1. Gauss Seidel
2. Accelerated Gauss Seidel
3. Newton Raphson
4. Fast Decoupled load flow
5. Dc load flow
Test example
Gauss Seidel
3-buses
System
 1
3

2
Data of the elements:

element Start end R X Y

1 1 2 0.02 0.0400 0
2 1 3 0.01 0.0300 0
3 2 3 0.0125 0.0250 0

Data of busbars:

Bus |V| σ Pg Qg PL QL Type

1 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 4 2.5 1
3 1.04 0 2 0 0 0 2
Ybus=
20 -50i -10+20i -10 +30i
-10 +20i 26 -52i -16 +32i
-10 +30i -16 +32i 26 -62i

Ybus (magnitude) =
53.8516 22.3607 31.6228
22.3607 58.1378 35.7771
31.6228 35.7771 67.2309

Ybus(angle)=
-68.1986 116.5651 108.4349
116.5651 -63.4349 116.5651
108.4349 116.5651 -67.2490
Thanks……