FIRST AID Pechi Vladimir-Ștefan

Andrei Călin Mihail Ceaușu Matei Călin

Bălescu Alexandru
FIRST aid?
What is “First aid”?
Is the immediate assistance or treatment given to so
meone before the arrival of medical staff.

Qualities of a first aid:

• calm
• confident
• willing to offer assistance whenever necessary
• patience

Objectives of First aid:

• to prolong life
• to alleviate suffering
• to prevent futher or added injury
Chain of survival
First Aid kit
What does the rescuer have to do?
- remove the curious bystanders;
- use the first aid kit;
- position the victim based on their injuries;
- remove clothing items (belts, ties, straps) which could impede breathing or blood
circulation;
- establish the order in which you will enact first aid(cardio-respiratory stop, hemorrhage,
fractures);
- treat all injuries and burns;
- avoid useless maneuvers which can make the state of the victim worse;
- call the emergency number 112 or “0-SALVAMONT”(0725-826 668) in case of accidents
in the mountains;
- ensure the transport of the victim to the hospital, if you can;
- during transport monitor respiratory and cardiac functions of the victim.
The ABC’s of resuscitation
A. Airway – Maintaining the airways open allows the air to flow in f
rom the outside to our organism.
B. Breathing – The process in which the air enters the lungs and eli
minates the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
C. Circulation – The circulation of blood throughout our organism.
Cardio-respiratory stop
How can you realise if the victim Cardio-respiratory stop?
- Unconsciousness – the person doesn’t react to stimuli
- The lack of breath – the rescuer has to listen, to observe and to feel
- The lack of a heartbeat – near the throat, next to the Adam’s, with two fingers, identify
wheter he has a pulse
Reanimation of the victim must be done quickly, efficiently and continuously,
even during the transport of the victim to the hospital, but if it’s not done in an
ambulance, until the regaining of vital functions.
Cardio-respiratory reanimation maneuvers:
- freeing the airways – mouth-to-mouth breathing;
- chest compressions (30 compressions);
- always start with the chest compressions;
- perform resuscitation 2 minutes, after evaluating the victims state.
Respiratory stop
Regarding this situation you can only perform mouth-to-mouth, or mouth
-to-nose breathing, if you can’t open the victim’s mouth.

The steps:
- move the victim to a safe place
- turn the victim on their back, with their shoulders raised, using a soft
material under the shoulder blades;
- the rescuer must sit on their knees, to the right of the victim’s head;
- head hyperextension: free the airways using the index finger of your
right hand while rapped in a piece of cloth.
.
CARDIAC ARREST
Resuscitation of a person in cardiac arrest is done using extreme cardiac massage
(compressionson the chest), following these steps:
- The victim must be standing with his face upwards on a hard surface;
- All clothing is taken off the victim’s chest;
- Put your hands one over the other,on the middle of the victim’s torsoand push
down (use just 2 fingers instead for babies);
If the victim is in cardio-respiratory stop you alternate between artificial
ventilation(mouth-to-mouth) and compressions in a ratio of 2 : 30 .
 Choking
-Signs that a foreign object has gotten stuck whithin the respiratory
system’
-The person which is choking is putting his hand to his throat, holding
his shoulders up. He/She cannot breathe, is trying to take air in, can’t
speak or chough and is just overall panicking.

We use the HEIMLICH MANEUVER:

Compressions on the torso: the rescuer stands
behind the victim, and hits, with his palm hits
the victim 3-5 times in the back between the
shoulder blades, puts his hands around the
victim, curl one hand into a fist, and put it just
below the ribcage your thumb inwards and
push, slightly upwards for 5 times. Alternate be
tween these 2 steps.
Hemorrhages
Hemorrhages (loss of blood) can be stopped in a few ways:
1. Using a piece of cloth, wreathe it around the
victim’s arm and do a double knot. Rotating a 2. Tightlygrip the nose using your
stick in the knot until the artery is compressed fingers (only for nasal bleeding,
and the bleeding stops obviously)
3. Compressing with a rubber elastic tube (also called a tourniquet)

It can be replaced by a
belt, tie, scarf, rope,etc.

Using this technique completly stops the blood flow in the limb
below it which makes holding it in place for more than two hours
can have severe consequences.

Whenever a tourniquet is used, a note must be attached

stating the name of the victim and the exact time at which it was
applied.
SPRAINS
A sprain represents the forced stretch of ligaments and joints, with tiny fractures,
without moving the bone out of the joint. Most frequently this occurs in areas such
as the ankle, elbow, fist or fingers.
Symptoms:pain when moving the injured body part, swelling.

How do we fix this?

- when it comes to knee or ankle sprains, do not al
low the injured person to walk;
- put on an elastic bandage, cool the zone with ice.
Never fully surround it with ice or nigh on frozen
water.
- lift up the sprained limb and transport the victim
to the closest sanitary unit.
FRACTURES
A Fracture represents the breaking of a bone. They can be: closedthe (skin reamins
intact) or open (there is an open wound all the way to the broken bone).
Symptoms: pain upon being touched in the are, severe pain in a specific place,
swelling, unusual limb positions, change of colour in the affected zone.
- Hold the victim in place an do not let him move
How do we heal fractures?
until you apply a splint;
- If the victim has to be moved first apply the splint
in order not to worsen the fracture;
- If the wound is the open, first treat the wound
and only then apply the splint.
HOW TO APPLY A SPLINT
A splint is applied in the exact position in which you found the victim.
Any object which will hold the broker bones in place (planks of wood,
blankets, scarves, pieces of plastic). The splint is fixed thoroughly
though not too tightly. If the victim is complaining of it being too
tight loosen it. The splint must cover the fracture and the joint over
and below it.

If the fracture is open, do

NOT try to put the bone
in anatural position. Cover
the wound and then fix it
in place with a piece of
cloth.
EYE WOUNDS
These occur due to cuts, foreign objects or chemicals.
Always cover both eyes, even if only one is injured.
Any movement of the healthy eye may cause unwanted
movement of the injured one.
Treatment:
• For a cut in the eye: lightly bandage both eyes, making sure you do not apply too
much pressure on the eyes;
• For eye damage caused by chemicals: wash with plenty of water and apply clean
bandage.
• For the infiltration of foreign objects in the eye: do not move the object, protect th
e eye to avoid any further injury

After these operations, immediately search for medical help!

BURNS
First of all wear gloves (preferable surgical gloves);
Cool the area and wash the burn with a lot of cold water.
Apply a lax bandage, NOT compressible!
DO NOT try to clean the burn!
DO NOT break the liquid vesicles in any way!
Do NOT remove your clothes from burning!
Do NOT use wool or other materials that leave wires to cover burnt
areas!
Attention at your own safety!
In the case of chemical burns DO NOT try to neutralize the chemical
with another chemical even if you know the method! The combination
can release heat that can cause other injuries!
THE ELECTROCUTION
In case of an electric shock, you must first know that you MUSTN’T
TOUCH THAT PERSON.

Look for the power source and turn it off (from the buttons from the
elelectric panel). After that, remove the source (cables, broken electronic devices
etc.). Do not do that using your bare hands and sitting careless near the victim. Use
a book or a stick of wood.

Only after you have ensured that you have interrupted the contact
between the victim and the source, you can approach and give
first aid, which consists either in resuscitation, if necessary, or in
the treatment of burns.
Transporting injured people from
inaccesible places