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Lipid
Lipid
Lipid
Klasifikasi dan
Karakteristik Lipid,
Fungsi dan Peranan Lipid,
Biosintesis Lipid
LIPID
■ Lipids are water-insoluble cellular components of
diverse structure that can be extracted by
nonpolar solvents.
* *
Major Categories
* *
3/9/2018 7
• ASAM LEMAK JENUH
• Tak ada ikatan rangkap
• Rumus umum CnH2n+1COOH
• As. Lemak jenuh rantai panjang
bersifat padat pd suhu kamar
• Contoh :
• asam butirat (C4),
• asam stearat (C18)
• asam palmitat (C16)
CH3(CH2)14COOH
3/9/2018 8
Nomenclature
• Common name most commonly used
• The systematic name for saturated acids ends in -anoic. Unsaturated fatty acids
ends in -enoic.
• The number one carbon is the carboxyl carbon
• Carbon #1 = alpha carbon
• Carbon #2 = beta carbon
• Carbon #3 = gamma carbon
• Omega vs. delta fatty acids
• Double bonds counted from the first carbon are delta desaturations
• Double bonds counting from the methyl end are the omega desaturations
Essential FA- those that humans can not make but are required to
Sustain growth - Linolenic 3 and Arachadonic 6
Asam Lemak Tak Jenuh
• C pada ujung metil adalah Cω
• Ikatan rangkap: ada yang 1 ada yang >1
• Asam lemak ω3 ikatan rangkap pertama dihitung
dari ujung metil terletak antara no 3 dan 4
CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH -------COOH
ujung metil ujung karboksil
• Lain2:
• Asam lemak ω-6
• Asam lemak ω-9
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• PUFA ( Poly unsaturated fatty acids)
3/9/2018 11
LIPID
■ The longer the fatty acyl chain and the fewer the double
bonds, the lower is the solubility in water.
■ The carboxylic acid group is polar (and ionized at neutral pH)
and accounts for the slight solubility of short-chain fatty acids
in water.
■ Melting points are also strongly influenced by the length and
degree of unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chain. At room
temperature (25 C), the saturated fatty acids from 12:0 to
24:0 have a waxy consistency, whereas unsaturated fatty
acids of these lengths are oily liquids.
The packing of fatty acids into stable aggregates
LIPID
■ Triacylglycerols Are Fatty Acid Esters of Glycerol
Fuel storage
Hormones
Membranes
Membrane lipids:
Phospholipid
Glycolipid
Cholesterol
LIPID
■ Triacylglycerols Provide Stored Energy and Insulation
In vertebrates, specialized cells called adipocytes, or fat cells, store large amounts
of triacylglycerols as fat dropletsthat nearly fill the cell
Capillary
adipocytes,
Cross section of four guinea pig adipocytes, showing huge fat droplets that virtually
fill the cells. Also visible are several capillaries in cross section.
LIPID
■ Triacylglycerols Provide Stored Energy and Insulation
Triacylglycerols are also stored as oils in the seeds of many types of plants, providing
energy and biosynthetic precursors during seed germination
First, because the carbon atoms of fatty acids are more reduced than
those of sugars, oxidation of triacylglycerols yields more than twice as
much energy, gram for gram, as the oxidation of carbohydrates.
In some animals, triacylglycerols stored under the skin serve not only as energy stores
but as insulation against low temperatures. Seals, walruses, penguins, and other
warm-blooded polar animals are amply padded with triacylglycerols
Sperm whale
LIPID
> Many Foods Contain Triacylglycerols
triacylglycerols.
• Lanolin
• Carnouba
• Spermaceti
Sphingomyelins
LIPID
• Sphingolipids at Cell Surfaces Are Sites of Biological Recognition
• Many of these are especially prominent in the plasma membranes of neurons, and some
are clearly recognition sites on the cell surface, but a specific function for only a few
sphingolipids has been discovered thus far.
The carbohydrate moieties of certain sphingolipids define the human blood groups and
therefore determine the type of blood that individuals can safely receive in blood
transfusions
• MHN
The sterols of all eukaryotes are synthesized from simple five carbon
isoprene subunits, as are the fat-soluble vitamins, quinones, and dolichols
Bile acids are polar derivatives of cholesterol that act as detergents in the
intestine, emulsifying dietary fats to make them more readily accessible to
digestive lipases
LIPID
■ Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments
The major groups of steroid hormones are the male and female sex
hormones and the hormones producedb y the adrenal cortex, cortisol
and aldosterone
LIPID
■ Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments
In bacteria and plants, the individual enzymes of the fatty acid synthase
system are separate, and the acyl radicals are found in combination with
a protein called the acyl carrier protein (ACP).
The Fatty Acid Synthase Complex Has Seven Different Active Sites
Tahapan Sintesis Asam Lemak
1. Reaksi awal
- Karboksilasi gugus asetil menjadi malonil-KoA
- Reaksi dikatalis oleh asetil KoA karboksilase
3 tahap :
1. Mobilisasi triasilgliserol
2. Aktivasi dan transportasi asam
lemak
3. Pemecahan asam lemak menjadi
asetil koA (β-oksidasi)
Mobilisasi
asam lemak
• Hidrolisis triasilgliserol
menjadi asam lemak dan
gliserol di dalam sel
lemak
• pelepasan asam lemak dari
sel lemak, ditransport ke
jaringan-jaringan yang
memerlukan energi
Cells take up LDL by receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endoplasm
ic
reticulum
Nucleus
Clathrin- d
coated vesicle
Clathrin-
2 coated
pit
Recycling of
LDL
receptors
Hidrolisis triasilgliserol
Metabolisme gliserol
• Gliserol yang terbentuk pada lipolisis diabsorpsi oleh liver
•difosforilasi dan dioksidasi menjadi dihidroksiaseton fosfat
•diisomerisasi menjadi gliseraldehid-3-fosfat
• Jadi gliserol dapat diubah menjadi piruvat atau glukosa di hati.
Metabolisme asam lemak
Oksidasi
Acetyl -CoA
(b )
o x idation degrades an acyi-CoA to prod uce acetyi-CoA molecules for TCA cycle
0 0
SQ>.\ A KAA
' 0
·
0
A so..
0
so..) 0
, sc) )l..so..
0
'
S C M
A so..
0
Aso..
Perolehan ATP pada oksidasi
asam lemak
Energi yang diperoleh pada oksidasi asam lemak dapat
dihitung berdasarkan stoikhiometri setiap siklus sebagai
berikut:
asilKoA dipendekkan sebanyak 2 karbon dengan
pelepasan FADH2, NADH dan asetil KoA
Reaksi :
Cn-asil KoA + FAD + NAD+ + H2O + KoA
Cn-2-asil KoA + FADH2 + NADH + asetil KoA + H+
Perolehan ATP pada Oksidasi Asam Palmitat :
Succinyl Col
Penggunaan Asetil KoA
l.sAcetyl-Co 1
Citric
acid cyc1c
S t age3 NADH.FADH2
R(!:spiral,ory
(electron transfer)
L _ _ chaiu
+ P;
Pembentukan badan keton
Selama puasa atau pada diabetes
oksaloasetat dikonsumsi untuk menghasilkan glukosa melalui
jalur glukoneogenesis, sehingga tidak ada yang dapat
digunakan untuk kondensasidengan asetil KoA.
asetil KoA diubah menjadi asetoasetatdan D-3- hidroksibutirat.
Senyawa-senyawaasetoasetat, D-3- hidroksibutiratdan aseton
dinamakan badan-badan keton.
Penderita diabetesyang tidak diobati, maka badan-badan keton
ditemukandalamdarahnyadengan kadaryang tinggi.
Badan-badan keton
Tempat pembentukan asetoasetat dan D-3-
hidroksibutirat : liver
Senyawa ini berdifusi dari mitokondria liver menuju
darah kemudian ditransport ke jaringan-jaringan
perifer.
Otot jantung dan korteks ginjal menggunakan
asetoasetatsebagai pengganti glukosa
Otak juga dapat beradaptasi ketika dalam kondisi
berpuasa atau diabetes sehinggadapat menggunakan
asetoasetat
Selama puasa jangka lama, 75 % bahan bakar yang diperlukan
otak dipenuhi oleh badan-badan keton.
FATCill
FASTING or DIABETES BWO D r - - - - - - - -
-
J...t-- Glycerol • a
! A '- Fatty acids........
liVIRCill Glycerol
Fatty acid s
Glycerol _ . . Glucose- + -
HEART-MUSClE CELL
RENAL-CORTEXCELL
IRAIN CEll DURIN6 STARVATION
c 0 c
ICH 3 Acetoacetyl CoA
/oA
CoA
s\
C= O
===:/=·
0 H2< ,,...CH3
C'
H2CI "'oH
\
C= o
-
0
Acetoacetyl CoA 3·Hydroxy·3·methyl·
glutaryl CoA
/CoA
s\
C=O
I
H2\ ,.....CH3
( ......
H2C
I "oH
\ C= o
0
/'' -
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl· Acetoacetate
glutaryl CoA
H3C\ .......OH
c'
I " H
H2C
\ C= O
0
f' -
o·3·Hydroxy·
butyrate
H3C\
/ =0
H3C
Acetoacetate Acetone
Reaksi degradasi badan keton
3-hidroksibutirat dioksidasi menghasilkan
asetoasetat dan NADH (selanjutnya diproses di
rantai fosforilasi oksidatif menghasilkan energi)
Asetoasetat diaktivasi melalui transfer KoA dari
suksinil KoA membentuk asetoasetil KoA oleh
enzim KoA transferase. Kemudian asetoasetil
KoA didegradasi oleh tiolase menghasilkan asetil
KoA (siap diproses di siklus asam sitrat untuk
menghasilkan energi)
H
,,,.----0
-
, .----0
,,
o' - 0,
D·3·Hydroxybutyrate Acetoacetate
Acetoacetate
- - Succinyl CoA
CoA
transferase
Acetoacetyl CoA
CoA
Thiolase
2 Acetyl CoA