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Last Time: Acting Humanly: The Full Turing Test
Last Time: Acting Humanly: The Full Turing Test
http://aimovie.warnerbros.com http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab/
CS 561, Lecture 2
Last time: The Turing Test
http://aimovie.warnerbros.com http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab/
CS 561, Lecture 2
Last time: The Turing Test
http://aimovie.warnerbros.com http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab/
CS 561, Lecture 2
Last time: The Turing Test
http://aimovie.warnerbros.com http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab/
CS 561, Lecture 2
Last time: The Turing Test
http://aimovie.warnerbros.com http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab/
CS 561, Lecture 2
This time: Outline
CS 561, Lecture 2
What is an (Intelligent) Agent?
CS 561, Lecture 2
What is an (Intelligent) Agent?
CS 561, Lecture 2
Intelligent Agents and Artificial Intelligence
effectors
sensors
• Challenges:
• Action selection: What next action
to choose
• Conflict resolution
CS 561, Lecture 2
Agent Types
CS 561, Lecture 2
Rational Agents
Sensors
percepts
? Environment
Agent
actions
Effectors
CS 561, Lecture 2
A Windshield Wiper Agent
• Goals?
• Percepts?
• Sensors?
• Effectors?
• Actions?
• Environment?
CS 561, Lecture 2
A Windshield Wiper Agent (Cont’d)
CS 561, Lecture 2
Interacting Agents
CS 561, Lecture 2
The Right Thing = The Rational Action
• Rational = Best ?
• Rational = Optimal ?
• Rational = Omniscience ?
• Rational = Clairvoyant ?
• Rational = Successful ?
CS 561, Lecture 2
The Right Thing = The Rational Action
CS 561, Lecture 2
Behavior and performance of IAs
CS 561, Lecture 2
Look up table
Distance Action
10 No action obstacle
sensor
5 Turn left 30 agent
degrees
2 Stop
CS 561, Lecture 2
Closed form
CS 561, Lecture 2
How is an Agent different from other software?
CS 561, Lecture 2
How is an Agent different from other software?
CS 561, Lecture 2
Environment Types
• Characteristics
• Accessible vs. inaccessible
• Deterministic vs. nondeterministic
• Episodic vs. nonepisodic
• Hostile vs. friendly
• Static vs. dynamic
• Discrete vs. continuous
CS 561, Lecture 2
Environment Types
• Characteristics
• Accessible vs. inaccessible
• Sensors give access to complete state of the
environment.
• Characteristics
• Hostile vs. friendly
CS 561, Lecture 2
Environment types
Operating
System
Virtual
Reality
Office
Environment
Mars
CS 561, Lecture 2
Environment types
CS 561, Lecture 2
Environment types
CS 561, Lecture 2
Environment types
CS 561, Lecture 2
Environment types
CS 561, Lecture 2
Using a look-up-table to encode f : P* A
agent
• How to generate: for each p Pl Pm Pr
generate an appropriate action, a S B
• Reflex agents
• Reflex agents with internal states
• Goal-based agents
• Utility-based agents
CS 561, Lecture 2
Agent types
• Reflex agents
• Reactive: No memory
• Goal-based agents
• Goal information needed to make decision
CS 561, Lecture 2
Agent types
• Utility-based agents
• How well can the goal be achieved (degree of
happiness)
CS 561, Lecture 2
Reflex agents
CS 561, Lecture 2
Reactive agents
CS 561, Lecture 2
Reflex agents w/ state
CS 561, Lecture 2
Goal-based agents
CS 561, Lecture 2
Utility-based agents
CS 561, Lecture 2
Mobile agents
CS 561, Lecture 2
Mobile agents
• Two types:
• One-hop mobile agents (migrate to one other place)
• Multi-hop mobile agents (roam the network from place
to place)
CS 561, Lecture 2
Mobile agents
• Applications:
• Distributed information retrieval.
• Telecommunication network routing.
CS 561, Lecture 2
Information agents
• Examples:
• BargainFinder comparison shops among Internet stores for CDs
• FIDO the Shopping Doggie (out of service)
• Internet Softbot infers which internet facilities (finger, ftp, gopher) to
use and when from high-level search requests.
• Challenge: ontologies for annotating Web pages (eg, SHOE).
CS 561, Lecture 2
Summary
• Intelligent Agents:
• Anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment
through sensors and acting upon that environment through its
effectors to maximize progress towards its goals.
• PAGE (Percepts, Actions, Goals, Environment)
• Described as a Perception (sequence) to Action Mapping: f : P* A
• Using look-up-table, closed form, etc.
CS 561, Lecture 2