VITAMINS

ARIETAWATI
 What is Vitamin?
Each group of unrelated organic
substances, is present in small
amounts of food and is required
in very small amounts for normal
body metabolic functions.
Vitamins are water-soluble and
some are fat soluble.
 Types of vitamins
Each vitamin is typically used in
multiple reactions, and therefore
most have multiple functions.

A, B complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,

B7, B9, B12), C, D, E, and K
 Vitamin A
Retinol, retinal, and four carotenoids including beta
carotene.

For retinal function, growth and differentiation of epithelial

tissue, bone growth, and immune response.

Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy

vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach,
fish, soya milk, milk.
 Vitamin B complex
Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin
B5 (pantothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin
B9 (folic acid), and Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Energy production, Nervous System, Digestive System, Improve Memory,
Skin Health, Hair, and Nails, Healthy Pregnancy.

Asparagus, Banana Avocado, Beetle,

Black Bean, Bran (bekatul), Beef liver,
Cashew Nuts, Caviar, Cereals, Chicken,
Chilli, Dairy Products, Eggs, Fennel, Lamb,
Lentils, Milk (cow / goat), Mushroom,
Papaya, Parsley , Potatoes, Salmon Fish,
Sardines, Shrimp, Soybean, Spinach,
Strawberries, Tomatoes, Sunflower
Seeds, Tempe, Whole Grains, Sweet
Potatoes, Yogurt
 Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C is required for the synthesis of
collagen, an important structural component
of blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, and
bone.
Many fruits and vegetables, liver
 Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol (D3), Ergocalciferol (D2)

Vitamin D is essential for the efficient utilization of calcium by the body (1).
Maintenance of blood calcium levels within a narrow range is vital for normal
functioning of the nervous system, as well as for bone growth and
maintenance of bone density.

Fish, eggs, liver, mushrooms

 Vitamin E
Tocopherols, tocotrienols

The main function of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in humans appears to be that

of an antioxidant. The fat-soluble vitamin is uniquely suited to intercepting the
damaging effects of oxidation by free radicals and thus preventing lipid
destruction in cell membranes.
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) also protects the fats in low density lipoproteins
(LDLs) ─ particles that transport cholesterol from the liver to the tissues of the
body ─ from oxidation. Oxidized LDLs have been implicated in the development
of cardiovascular diseases.

Many fruits and vegetables,

nuts and seeds
 Vitamin K
Phylloquinone, menaquinones
The only known unequivocal biological
role of vitamin K is as a cofactor for an
enzyme that enables specific proteins to
bind calcium (3, 4). The ability to bind
calcium ions (Ca2+) is required for the
activation of the seven vitamin K-
dependent blood clotting (‘coagulation’)
factors (e.g., prothrombin), or proteins,
in the series of events that stop bleeding
through clot formation (‘coagulation
cascade’). Vitamin K-dependent
coagulation factors are synthesized in the
liver. Consequently, severe liver disease
results in lower blood levels of vitamin K-
dependent clotting factors and an
increased risk of uncontrolled bleeding
(‘hemorrhage’)
Leafy green vegetables such as
spinach, egg yolks, liver
Disorders
 Vitamin A
Deficiency disease: Night blindness, hyperkeratosis, and keratomalacia

Overdose disease: Hypervitaminosis A

 Vitamin B
Deficiency disease: Anemia, Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Dermatitis,
enteritis, etc.
Overdose disease: Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established],
Diarrhea; possibly nausea, Liver damage (B3, doses > 2g/day)
 Vitamin C
Deficiency disease: Scurvy

Overdose disease: Vitamin C megadosage

 Vitamin D
Deficiency disease: Rickets and osteomalacia

Overdose disease:Hypervitaminosis D
 Vitamin E
Deficiency disease: Deficiency is very rare; sterility in males and abortions in
females, mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants
Overdose disease: Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large
randomized study.
 Vitamin K
Deficiency disease: Bleeding diathesis

Overdose disease: Increases coagulation in patients taking warfarin

 Conclusion
vitamin is needed by the body, so we have to fill in a balanced manner.
Not too much or too little, balanced. So that we are always healthy and
protected from diseases due to deficiency or overdose vitamin.