electronics fundamentals

circuits, devices, and applications

THOMAS L. FLOYD
DAVID M. BUCHLA

chapter 1

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Ilmiah dan Teknik Notasi

Jumlah yang sangat besar dan sangat kecil
diwakili dengan notasi ilmiah dan rekayasa.
47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)
= 47 x 106 (Engineering Notation)

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Scientific and Engineering Notation

0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Metric Conversions

Numbers in scientific notation

can be entered in a scientific
calculator using the EE key.
Most scientific calculators can be
placed in a mode that will
automatically convert any decimal
number entered into scientific
notation or engineering notation.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

SI Fundamental Units

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity Candela cd
Amount of substance Mole mol

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Beberapa Unit Listrik Penting
Kecuali untuk arus, semua unit listrik dan
magnetik yang berasal dari unit dasar. Saat ini
adalah unit dasar.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Current Ampere A
Charge Coulomb C
These derived units are
Voltage Volt V based on fundamental
units from the meter-
Resistance Ohm W kilogram-second system,
hence are called mks
Power Watt W units.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Teknik Metric Awalan

P peta 1015
Dapatkah T tera 1012
Anda
menyebutka G giga 109
n prefiks
dan M mega 106
maknanya? k kilo 103

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Engineering Metric Prefixes

m milli 10-3
Can you m micro 10-6
name the
prefixes and n nano 10-9
their
meaning? p pico 10-12

f femto 10-15

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Metric Conversions
Ketika mengkonversi dari unit yang lebih besar untuk unit yang
lebih kecil, memindahkan titik desimal ke kanan. Ingat, unit yang
lebih kecil berarti nomor harus lebih besar.

Smaller unit

0.47 MW = 470 kW

Larger number

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Metric Conversions
Ketika mengkonversi dari unit yang lebih kecil untuk unit yang
lebih besar, memindahkan titik desimal ke kiri. Ingat, unit yang
lebih besar berarti jumlah harus lebih kecil.

Larger unit

10,000 pF = 0.01 mF

Smaller number

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Metric Arithmetic
Ketika menambah atau mengurangi angka dengan awalan metrik,
mengkonversikannya ke awalan yang sama pertama.

10,000 W + 22 kW =
10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W
Alternatively,
10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Metric Arithmetic
Ketika menambah atau mengurangi angka dengan awalan metrik,
mengkonversikannya ke awalan yang sama pertama.

200 mA + 1.0 mA =
200 mA + 1,000 mA = 1,200 mA
Alternatively,
0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Error, Accuracy, and Precision

Ketidakpastian eksperimental adalah bagian dari semua
pengukuran. Kesalahan adalah selisih antara nilai benar atau
diterima terbaik dan nilai yang terukur. Akurasi merupakan
indikasi dari berbagai kesalahan dalam pengukuran. Presisi
adalah ukuran pengulangan.

} Error Precise,
but not
accurate.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Digit signifikan

Ketika melaporkan nilai terukur, satu angka pasti

bisa dipertahankan tapi pasti angka lainnya harus
dibuang. Biasanya ini adalah jumlah yang sama
digit seperti pada pengukuran aslinya.
Asumsikan dua kuantitas yang diukur adalah 10,54
dan 3,92. Jika lebih besar dibagi dengan yang lebih
kecil, jawabannya adalah 2,69 karena
jawabannya memiliki ketidakpastian yang sama
seperti pengukuran aslinya.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Significant Digits
Aturan untuk menentukan apakah angka yang dilaporkan adalah
signifikan adalah:

Nol digit selalu dianggap signifikan.

Zero di sebelah kiri angka nol pertama tidak pernah signifikan.
Nol antara nol digit selalu signifikan.
Zero ke kanan titik desimal untuk bilangan desimal adalah
signifikan.
Zero di sebelah kiri titik desimal dengan seluruh nomor mungkin
atau mungkin tidak signifikan tergantung pada pengukuran.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.

Example: 23.92 has four nonzero digits – they are all significant.
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant.
Example: 0.00276 has three zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit.
There are only three significant digits.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.
Example: 806 has three significant digits.
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are
significant.
Example: 9.00 has three significant digits.
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or may
not be significant depending on the measurement.
Example: 4000 does not have a clear number of significant digits.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Rounding numbers
Rounding is the process of discarding meaningless digits.
Rules for rounding are:
1. If the digit dropped is greater than 5, increase the last
retained digit by 1.
2. If the digit dropped is less than 5, do not change the last
retained digit.
3. If the digit dropped is 5, increase the last retained digit if
it makes it even, otherwise do not. This is called the
"round-to-even" rule.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Utility voltages and GFIC

Most laboratory equipment is connected to 120 Vrms at the outlet.
Wiring to the outlets generally uses three insulated wires which are
referred to as the “hot” (black or red wire), neutral (white wire), and
safety ground (green wire).
Neutral
Hot
Ground
Notice that neutral is
GFIC circuits can detect a difference
larger than the hot line.
in the hot and neutral current and trip
a breaker. One outlet on the circuit
will have reset and test buttons.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1

Electrical Safety
Safety is always a concern with electrical circuits. Knowing
the rules and maintaining a safe environment is everyone’s
job. A few important safety suggestions are:
• Do not work alone, or when you are drowsy.
• Do not wear conductive jewelry.
• Know the potential hazards of the equipment you are
working on; check equipment and power cords frequently.
• Avoid all contact with energized circuits; even low voltage
circuits.
• Maintain a clean workspace.
• Know the location of power shutoff and fire extinguishers.
• Don’t have food or drinks in the laboratory or work area.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Key Terms
Engineering A system for representing any number as a one-,
notation two-, or three-digit number times a power of ten
with an exponent that is a multiple of three.

Exponent The number to which a base is raised.

Metric prefix A symbol that is used to replace the power of

ten in numbers expressed in scientific or
engineering notation.

Power of ten A numerical representation consisting of a base

of 10 and an exponent; the number 10 raised to a
power.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Key Terms
Scientific A system for representing any number as a
notation number between 1 and 10 times a power of ten.

Accuracy An indication of the range of error in a

measurement.

Precision A measure of the repeatability (consistency) of

a series of measurements.

Significant A digit known to be correct in a number.

digit

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

1. Sejumlah ditulis sebagai 2,59 x 107 dikatakan di

Sebuah. notasi ilmiah
b. notasi rekayasa
c. kedua hal di atas
d. bukan dari salah satu di atas

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

2. Unit listrik yang mendasar adalah

Sebuah. volt
b. ohm
c. coulomb
d. amper

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

3. Dalam notasi ilmiah, jumlah 0.000 56 ditulis

Sebuah. 5,6 x 104
b. 5,6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

4. Dalam notasi rekayasa, jumlah 0.000 56 ditulis

Sebuah. 5,6 x 104
b. 5,6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

5. awalan si nano Berarti

SEBUAH. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

6. awalan si pico cara

Sebuah. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

7. Jumlah 2.700 MW dapat ditulis

Sebuah. 2,7 TW
b. 2,7 GW
c. 2,7 kW
d. 2,7 mW

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

8. Nilai 68 kW sama dengan

Sebuah. 6,8 x 104 W
b. 68, 000 W
c. 0.068 MW
d. Semua yang di atas

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

9. Jumlah 330 mW + 1,5 W adalah

Sebuah. 331,5 mW
b. 3.35 W
c. 1,533 W
d. 1.83 W

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

10. Presisi adalah pengukuran

Sebuah. total kesalahan dalam serangkaian pengukuran
b. konsistensi dari serangkaian pengukuran
c. kedua hal di atas
d. bukan dari salah satu di atas

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1
Quiz

Answers:
1. a 6. d
2. d 7. b
3. b 8. d
4. d 9. d
5. c 10. b

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.