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Wireless Communications Engineering: Cellular Fundamentals
Wireless Communications Engineering: Cellular Fundamentals
Wireless Communications Engineering: Cellular Fundamentals
Engineering
Cellular Fundamentals
Definitions – Wireless
Communication
What is Wireless Communication?
Mobile Communication = + ?
Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication are of two
types:
Fixed Wireless Communication
Mobile Wireless Communication.
Mobile Wireless Communication
Mobile Wireless Communication
(Infrastructured Network)
Single Hop Wireless Link to reach a
mobile Terminal.
Mobile Communication = + ?
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Infrastructureless or Adhoc Network
Multihop Wireless path from source to
destination.
Mobile Radio Environment
Mobile Radio Environment
The transmissions over the wireless link are in
general very difficult to characterize.
EM signals often encounter obstacles, causing
reflection, diffraction, and scattering.
Mobility introduces further complexity.
We have focused on simple models to help gain basic
insight and understanding of the wireless radio
medium.
Three main components: Path Loss, Shadow fading,
Multipath fading (or fast fading).
Free Space loss
Transmitted signal attenuates over distance because
it is spread over larger and larger area
This is known as free space loss and for isotropic antennas
Pt (4d ) 2 (4fd ) 2
Pr 2
c2
Pt = power at the transmitting antenna
Pr = power at the receiving antenna
λ = carrier wavelength
d = propagation distance between the antennas
c = speed of light
Free Space loss
For other antennas
Pt (4d ) 2 (d ) 2
P r Gr Gt 2
Ar At
Gt = Gain of transmitting antenna
Gr = Gain of receiving antenna
At = effective area of transmitting antenna
Ar = effective area of receiving antenna
Thermal Noise
Thermal noise is introduced due to thermal agitation
of electrons
Present in all transmission media and all electronic devices
a function of temperature
uniformly distributed across the frequency spectrum and
hence is often referred to as white noise
amount of noise found in a bandwidth of 1 Hz is
N0 = k T
N0 = noise power density in watts per 1 Hz of bandwidth
k = Boltzman’s constant = 1.3803 x 10-23 J/K
T = temperature, in Kelvins
N = thermal noise in watts present in a bandwidth of B
= kTB where
Free Space loss
Transmitted signal attenuates over distance because
it is spread over larger and larger area
This is known as free space loss and for isotropic antennas
Pt (4d ) 2 (4fd ) 2
Pr 2
c2
Pt = power at the transmitting antenna
Pr = power at the receiving antenna
λ = carrier wavelength
d = propagation distance between the antennas
c = speed of light
Free Space loss
For other antennas
Pt (4d ) 2 (d ) 2
P r Gr Gt 2
Ar At
Gt = Gain of transmitting antenna
Gr = Gain of receiving antenna
At = effective area of transmitting antenna
Ar = effective area of receiving antenna
Thermal Noise
Thermal noise is introduced due to thermal agitation
of electrons
Present in all transmission media and all electronic devices
a function of temperature
uniformly distributed across the frequency spectrum and
hence is often referred to as white noise
amount of noise found in a bandwidth of 1 Hz is
N0 = k T
N0 = noise power density in watts per 1 Hz of bandwidth
k = Boltzman’s constant = 1.3803 x 10-23 J/K
T = temperature, in Kelvins
N = thermal noise in watts present in a bandwidth of B
= kTB where
Data rate and error rate
Bit error rate is a decreasing function of Eb/N0.
If bit rate R is to increase, then to keep bit error rate (or Eb/N0)
same, the transmitted signal power must increase, relative to
noise
B = signal bandwidth
(since N = N0 B)
Doppler’s Shift
When a client is mobile, the frequency of received
signal could be less or more than that of the
transmitted signal due to Doppler’s effect
v
fd cos
where
fd =change in frequency θ
X
due to Doppler’s shift Y
v = constant velocity of the
mobile receiver
λ = wavelength of the transmission
Doppler’s shift
f = fc + fd
where
f = the received carrier frequency
fc = carrier frequency being transmitted
fd = Doppler’s shift as per the formula in the previous
slide.
Multipath Propagation
Wireless signal can arrive at the receiver through
different paths
LOS
Diffraction
since D = SQRT(N)
Co–channel Cell Location