MATH 130 | Metric Geometry

Unit 2. Elementary figures

Betweenness
Line segments and rays
Congruence
Angles and triangles
Cartesian plane 𝓒 = ℝ𝟐 , 𝓛𝑽 (vector form)

℘ = ℝ𝟐 (as set of vectors)

For 𝑨(𝒙, 𝒚) ∈ ℝ𝟐 ,

norm: 𝑨 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
distance: 𝒅𝑬 𝑨, 𝑩 = 𝑨 − 𝑩
Cartesian plane 𝓒 = ℝ𝟐 , 𝓛𝑽 (vector form)

℘ = ℝ𝟐 (as set of vectors)

ℒ = 𝓛𝑽 set of all 𝒍𝑨𝑩 𝑨, 𝑩 ∈ ℝ𝟐

𝒍𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ ℝ𝟐 ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨 , 𝒕 ∈ ℝ
Cartesian plane 𝓒 = ℝ𝟐 , 𝓛𝑽 (vector form)

𝟐
𝒍𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨 , 𝒕 ∈ ℝ

ruler for 𝒍𝑨𝑩 : 𝒇(𝑷) = 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨

provided 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨
Given distinct points 𝑨 and 𝑩
in a metric geometry.
line segment from 𝑨 to 𝑩
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ 𝑨𝑩 ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 𝐨𝐫 𝑷 = 𝑩 𝐨𝐫 𝑨 − 𝑷 − 𝑩

ray from 𝑨 towards 𝑩

𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑩 ∪ 𝑷 ∈ 𝑨𝑩 ∶ 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝑷
 Illustration.

Euclidean line segment

Let 𝑨, 𝑩 ∈ ℝ𝟐 . (vector form)

𝒍𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ ℝ𝟐 ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨 , 𝒕 ∈ ℝ

𝟐
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏
 Illustration.

Euclidean ray

Let 𝑨, 𝑩 ∈ ℝ𝟐 . (vector form)

𝒍𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ ℝ𝟐 ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨 , 𝒕 ∈ ℝ

𝟐
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨 , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝑩𝑨 = 𝑷 ∈ ℝ𝟐 ∶ 𝑷 = 𝑨 + 𝒕 𝑩 − 𝑨 , 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏
 Illustration.

Poincaré line segment

Let 𝑨 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝑩 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ∈ 𝒉𝒄,𝒓
such that 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 .

𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝒉𝒄,𝒓 ∶ 𝒙𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒙𝟐
 Illustration.

Poincaré ray

Let 𝑨 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝑩 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ∈ 𝒉𝒄,𝒓
such that 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 .

𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝒉𝒄,𝒓 ∶ 𝒙𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝒄 + 𝒓
𝑩𝑨 = 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝒉𝒄,𝒓 ∶ 𝒄 − 𝒓 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝒙𝟐
 Exercise

Poincaré line segment and ray

Let 𝑨 𝒂, 𝒚𝟏 , 𝑩 𝒂, 𝒚𝟐 ∈ 𝒉𝒂
such that 𝒚𝟏 < 𝒚𝟐 .

𝑨𝑩 = ????? 𝑨𝑩 = ?????
𝑩𝑨 = ?????
Theorem.
Let 𝑨 and 𝑩 be distinct points.

If 𝒇 is a ruler for line 𝑨𝑩, then

𝒇 𝑷 = 𝒇 𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝒇 𝑷 = 𝒇(𝑩)
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ 𝑨𝑩 ∶ .
𝒐𝒓 𝒇 𝑨 − 𝒇 𝑷 − 𝒇(𝑩)
Theorem.
If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are distinct points,
then there exists a ruler 𝒇 for line 𝑨𝑩
such that

𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 ∈ 𝑨𝑩 ∶ 𝒇(𝑷) ≥ 𝟎 .
Theorem.
If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are distinct points in a
metric geometry and 𝑨 − 𝑪 − 𝑩,

then 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑪 ∪ 𝑪𝑩.
Theorem.
If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are distinct points in a
metric geometry and 𝑪 ∈ 𝑨𝑩, 𝑪 ≠ 𝑨,

then 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑪.

Proof: EXERCISE