Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Power-Electronic Systems For The Grid Integration
Power-Electronic Systems For The Grid Integration
multipole
synchronous
generator
reduced
losses
lower
costs
increased
reliability
http://www.wwindea.org/technology/ch01/imgs/1_2_3_2_img1.jpg
Full converter Energy Transfer
Control of the active
and reactive powers
Energy storage total-harmonic-
distortion control
1. Flicker analysis
2. Switching operations. Voltage and current
transients
3. Harmonic analysis (FFT) - rectangular
windows of eight cycles of fundamental
frequency. THD up to 50th harmonic
Other Standards
• High-frequency (HF) according to the IEC
harmonics and 61000-4-7
interharmonics IEC • switching frequency of
61000-4-7 and IEC the inverter is not
61000-3-6 constant
• methods for summing • Can be not multiple of
harmonics and 50 Hz
interharmonics in the
IEC 61000-3-6
• To obtain a correct
magnitude of the
frequency components,
define window width,
Transmission Technology for the
Future
• Offshore installation.
HVAC
• Disadvantages:
• High distributed capacitance of cables
• Limited length
HVDC
More economic > 100 km and power 200-900 MW
1) Sending and receiving end frequencies are
independent.
2) Transmission distance using dc is not affected by
cable charging current.
3) Offshore installation is isolated from mainland
disturbances
4) Power flow is fully defined and controllable.
5) Cable power losses are low.
6) Power-transmission capability per cable is higher.
HVDC LCC-based
• Line-commutated converters
• Many disadvantages
• Harmonics
HVDC VSC based
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
1
0
0.8
-0.2
-0.4
0.6
-0.6 0.4
-0.8 Amplitude 0.2
-1
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Time /s -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
power-electronic building
block (PEBB)
Direct-Drive Technology for Wind
Turbines
•Reduced size
•Lower installation and maintenance cost
•Flexible control method
•Quick response to wind fluctuations and load
variation
The standards
• EN61000-3-2, IEEE1547,
• U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) 690
• IEC61727
• IGBT technology
• Inverters must be able to detect an
islanding situation and take appropriate
measures in order to protect persons and
equipment
• Central inverters
• Module-oriented or module-integrated
inverters
• String inverters
Multistring converter
• Decoupling is necessary
• p –instantaneous
• P - average
Demands Defined by the Photovoltaic
Module
• Cost effectiveness
.
(a) Irradiation distribution
for a reference year.
(b) Solar energy distribution
for a reference year.
Total time of
irradiation equals 4686 h
per year.
Total potential energy is
equal to 1150 kWh=(m2
year) 130 W/m2
Reliability
• Centralized Inverters
• String Inverters
• Multi-string Inverters
• AC modules & AC cell technology
Centralized Inverters
• PV modules as series
connections (a string)
• series connections then
connected in parallel, through
string diodes
• Disadvantages !
String Inverters
• No mismatch losses
between PV modules
• Optimal adjustment of
MPPT
• high voltage-
amplification necessary
Future topologies
• Multi-String Inverters
• AC Modules
• AC Cells
• …
Multi-string Inverters
• Flexible
• Every string can be controlled
individually.
AC cell
• Single-stage inverter
• Multi-string inverter
Power Decoupling
• Capacitors
Transformers and Types of
Interconnections
• Component to avoid (line transformers=
high size, weight, price)
• High-frequency transformers
• Grounding,
•
Types of Grid Interfaces
• Single-stage
• Dual-stage
String Inverter
• component ratings
• relative cost
• lifetime
• efficiency
Results
• Low efficiency=87%
• C=68 mF 160V
• High efficiency=93%
• C=2,2 mF 45V
Discussion - String Inverters
• full-bridge
• single-inductor push–pull
• double-inductor push–pull
Another classification
• MPPT control
• THD improvements
• reduction of current or voltage ripple
• Improvement of Quality
• Support the Grid during Interruption
• Storable
• transportable,
• highly versatile
• efficient
• clean energy carrier
• Storage
– compressed or liquefied gas
– by using metal hydrides or carbon nanotubes
• Technologies
Compressed-Air Energy Storage -CAES
• 350 to 2700 F at of 2 V.
• modules 200 -to 400 V
• long life cycle
• suitable for short discharge applications
<100 kW.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage (SMES)
• energy in a magnetic field without
resistive losses
• ability to release large quantities of power
during a fraction of a cycle
Battery Storage
• variable-speed drives
• 30 - 350 MW, efficiencies around 75%.
Conclusions