Optimal Channel Estimation

for Capacity Maximization in

OFDM Systems
Wei Wu , Vikrant V. Gunna Srinivasan, Chien-fang Hsu,
Youngok Kim, Chulhan Lee
OUTLINE
 Introduction
 System Description
 Channel Model
 Channel Estimation
 Transmission Capacity Optimization
 Simulation Results
 Conclusion
Introduction
1. Maximizing Capacity of OFDM system
- Water-filling Power allocation
- Adaptive transmission over each sub-carrier
- Dynamic Channel estimation and Prediction
2. Channel Estimation Method
- Frequency Domain Pilot Interpolation
 Comb type
 Block type
Computer
Computerand
and
Technical
Technical
Services:
Services:

Introduction
Comb Type Block Type
System Description
Channel Models
 Type
1. Indoor
- Typical RMS delay spread: 60 to 100 ns
2. Stanford University Interim (SUI) (Type 1~6)
- Wireless MAN and WAN
- Different RMS delay and Doppler shift
3. 3G mobile
- Vehicular
- Doppler shift: 100 to 200 Hz
With Rayleigh Fading Assumption
Channel Models
 Rayleigh Fading Approximation
- Jake’s Model, example

Sampling frequency = 8 MHz

Time duration = 1 second
Doppler shift = 50 Hz
Channel Models
 Channel Models
• First-Order Markov Channel
- Channel varies slowly in time
- Hˆ m  Hˆ m 1  N
- Var ( N )  (1   2 ) H2
where ß : forgetting factor (correlation coefficient)
N : Zero Mean Gaussian Noise
- ß : a value between 0 and 1
the bigger ß, the smaller Var(N)
Channel Estimation
Yk ,m  H k ,m X k ,m  Vk ,m , k  0,1,..., N  1

Sk , m
Rk , m  H k , m  , k  0,1,..., N  1
X k ,m
  1 
h  h  IFFT  S
  x 
X k ,m
where Y : Transmitted data
k ,m
: Received data
H k ,m
: Channel gain
Vk,m : AWGN
Y Vk , m
Rk , m  k ,m S 
, k , m e jX
X k ,m
k ,m
Channel Estimation (Pilot)
• MMSE
  2
 N s2   opt
2
1   opt 
E  h h   s  
  
 x  1   opt
2
1   opt 

s  s2 tr  Rw   x
where  opt  1   s  s 
2 4 , N s2

• Algorithm
rm  IFFT ( Rm )
 
h m   opt h m 1  (1   opt )rm
Channel Estimation (Sub-carriers)
 Channel Gain Interpolation in Frequency domain
• Optimal linear interpolation

Hˆ (lf p  nf s )  an Hˆ (lf p )  bn Hˆ ((l  1) f p )  nl ,n

VH (lf p  nf s )  min E[ Hˆ (lf p  nf s )  an Hˆ (lf p )  bn Hˆ ((l  1) f p )] 2

an ,bn R

where fp : the frequency difference between pilot tones

fs : the frequency difference between sub-carriers
• Obtain the channel gain matrix H and its variance V
at the time instant pilot tones are transmitted
Capacity Optimization
 Challenges
 Time-varying channel
 Estimation & interpolation errors
 How pilot tone pattern impact capacity
 Idea:
 Consider the capacity and outage probability
 How channel estimation affect capacity
 Under-estimation: less capacity
 Over-estimation: unrecoverable errors
Capacity Optimization
 Problem formulation
 Choose P, H, maximize the capacity
N
Pi H i ,t
max  Pr( H i ,t  H i ,t ) f s log 2 (1  )
Pi , H i ,t
i 1 N0 fs
N

P  P
i 1
i max

 tradeoff between the throughput and outage

probability
 Solution can be done by traditional optimization
method, e.g. Newton-Rapson method
Theoretic Results
 Power allocation
 Weighted water filling: each by the transmission
success probability
Pr( H i ,t  H i ,t )
N0 fs
Pi  max(  ,0)
 ln 2 H i ,t
 Hints: not only the estimated channel gain, but also
the variance of the gain play important roles in water
filling
 Example … …
 Theoretic Results
 The same channel gain (H=1) for 10 users with different
estimation errors (0.01-0.1)– high estimation error results in low
power allocation (Pmax=1W)
Parameters
 # Symbols
 # Subcarriers
 Pilot Pattern in m subcarriers
 Total Power is predetermined
 Change the Pilot Period
Simulation
Simulation
Contributions
 Implementation of various wireless channels
by Jake’s model
 Implementation of MMSE channel estimation
algorithm
 Proposed Optimal linear interpolation
algorithm
 Develop the method to maximize Capacity for
wireless systems with channel uncertainty
 Implementation of the whole OFDM system
simulation blocks