Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reference Word
Reference Word
Reference Word
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course will be discussed about TOEFL preparation in which focusing on
reading comprehension and Grammar.
Composition of the course
1. Reference words
2. Scanning and Skimming ( e-learning)
3. Looking for Specific Information
4. Gueesing Word Meaning
5. Finding Specific Information
6. Identifying Information
7. Finding the Main Idea
8. Predicting the Continuation of the Paragraph
9. Making Inference
10. Identifying the Author Purpose
11. Simple and Compound Sentence
12. Clause I
13. Clause II
14. Reduce Clause
REFERENCE WORD
2. Possessive pronouns
3. Demonstratives
4. Comparatives
6. General reference
Personal Pronouns Reference
The personal pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, we, they.
Because an impersonal style of writing is strongly
favoured by most academic disciplines, you may
rarely find yourself using pronouns like I, you and we.
The most commonly used personal pronouns in
academic writing are it (referring to things) and they
(referring to either things or people). In academic
writing, ‘things’ are usually phenomena and abstract
nouns, and people are usually previous researchers.
He and she may also be used, usually to refer to
authors previously mentioned in the text.
Example
Possessive pronouns Reference
The possessive pronouns show a relationship of
ownership or ‘belonging to’. They are: my, mine,
your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs.
As with personal pronouns, my and our are not
commonly used in academic writing. The most
commonly used possessive pronouns in academic
writing are its, their, his, her.
Example
Demonstratives Reference
Demonstratives are similar to personal and
possessive pronouns in that they refer to
nouns usually already present in the text.
However, they have a stronger pointing
quality – they identify (point at) exactly which
thing or things are being referred to.
Example
General Reference
Usually a reference word is tied to a word, phrase
or other grammatical element which is clearly
identifiable in the preceding or subsequent text.
However, sometimes a reference word refers back
to an entire stretch of text – perhaps even a
paragraph or two - without referring to any one
particular component of it. In this case, the
reference word has the function of summarising the
preceding information.
The words most commonly used to do this are the
demonstrative pronouns this and these.
Example
Look at the reference word in each of these
sentences. What type of reference word is it?
Identify the word or phrase it is referring to.
Then, check your understanding by clicking
on the highlighted reference word.
Example
Read the passage and answer the questions!