Antenna System

ZTE University
Objective

 By the end of this course, you will be able:

 To Understand the concept of dipole
 To state GSM antenna specifications
 To comprehend the principle of antenna selection
Content

 Antenna overview
 Antenna specifications
 Principle of antenna selection
Radio Waves

 A form of electromagnetic radiation typically

generated as disturbances sent out by
oscillating charges on a transmitting antenna

Blah blah
blah bl ah
Definition

 An Antenna is any
device used to
collect or radiate
Electromagnetic
Waves
Antenna for mobile communication

 Linear antennas are

used:
 Monopole (Slab) • Array of dipoles

 Dipole Elements
• Single Monopole
• Patch Antenna
Base Tranceiver
Station Antenna
Mobile Phones
Antenna basic structure

 Antenna are generally

composed of stacked of dipole
bundling their radiated power
to form a desired antenna
pattern in vertical plains
around the antenna

 Depending on the gain desired

that wants to be achieved
several of those diploes can
be arranged on top of one
another
Generation of radio waves

DIPOLES

Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength

1/2 Wavelength

1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole

1800MHz ：166mm
900MHz ：333mm
Half wave dipole

1个 dipole Multiple dipole matrix

Received Power：1mW Received Power：4 mW

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Isotropic antenna

Antenna
(Overlook

“Omnidirectional array” “Sector antenna”

Received power：1mW Received power：8mW

Gain=10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi
dBd and dBi

Ideal radiating dot source

(lossless radiator) 2.15dB

0dBd = 2.15dBi

Dipole
dBd and dBi
Content

 Antenna overview
 Antenna specifications
 Principle of antenna selection
Antenna electrical properties
 Operating Frequency Band
 Input impedance
 VSWR
 Polarization
 Gain
 Radiation Pattern
 Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
 Downtilt
 Front/back ratio
 Sidelobe suppression and null filling
 Power capability
 3rd order Intermodulation
 Insulation
GSM antenna frequency range

Type Frequency Range

GSM 900 890 - 960 MHz
GSM 1800 1710 - 1880 MHz
890 - 960 MHz
GSM Dual Band
1710 - 1880 MHz
GSM antenna frequency range

at at
Optimum 1/2 wavelength
890 960
for dipole at 925MHz
MHz MHz
Antenna
Dipole

BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz

Impedance

 Standard Value: 50

Antenna
Cable
50 ohms
50 ohms
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)

Forward: 10W

50 ohms 80
ohms 9.5 W
Backward: 0.5W

Return Loss： 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
Calculation of VSWR

 VSWR1.5
  = (VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)
 RetureLoss = -20lg 
Bandwidth

3dB Beamwidth 10dB Beamwidth

Peak - 3dB Peak - 10dB

60° (eg) Peak 120°

Peak
(eg)

Peak - 3dB Peak - 10dB

3dBm horizontal beamwidth
 Directional Antenna：65°/90°/105°/120°
 Omni：360°

Omni-directional Directional
3dBm vertical beamwidth

Omni-directional Directional
Antenna structure types
Omni-directional Directional
Polarization

Vertical Horizontal

+ 45degree slant - 45degree slant

Space diversity
Polarization diversity

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45°)

Types of antenna

Linear Polarization,vertical
X Polarization, 45
Antenna down tilt

 Mechanical down tilt

 Fixed electronic down tilt
 Adjustable electronic down tilt
Mechanical down tile

 It is achieved by physically
tilting the antenna out of the
perpendicular by using down
tilt kit
 PROS: Cost efficient and
flexible
 CON: Has no effect on the
side-lobe characteristics of the
antenna
Electrical down tilt

Input Signal

 Electrical downtilt can be fixed or adjustable

 Fixed is tuned by the manufacturer
 Adjustable allows adjustment in a certain level on the rear of the
antenna
Down tilt

Non down tilt Electronic downtilt Mechanical

downtilt
Antenna tilt development
FRONT-TO-BACK Ratio

 Ratio of maximum mainlobe to maximum

sidelobe

Back power Front power

F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically ： 25dB

Upper sidelobe suppression and null fill
Upper sidelobe suppression and null fill
Intermodulation
 It occurs when two signals of a different frequency mix in a
non-linear device
 It can be a problem at any site that has two or more
transmitters
 It can be caused by a transmitter of the same system or by a
transmitter in another site that is co-sited or has a site in the
neighborhood

IMD@243dBm
f1, f2, 2f1-f2, 2f2-f1

913 MHz 936 MHz 959 MHz 982 MHz

Isolation

10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB

1000mW ( 1W) 1mW

Antenna mechanical properties
 Size
 Weight
 Radome material
 Appearance and color
 Working temperature
 Storage temperature
 Windload
 Connector types
 Package Size
 Lightning Protection
Dimension

 LWH
 Length：connected with vertical bandwidth and gain
 Width：connected with horizontal bandwidth
 Height：connected with techniques adopted
Weight

 A factor that can affect transport and

deployment
Radome materials

 PVC, Fiberglass
 Anti-temperature, water-proof ， anti-
aging，weather resistant
Color

 Good-looking
 Environment-protecting
Temperature range

 Operation and storage

 Typical range：-40°C — +70°C
Connector type

 7/16”DIN，N，SMA
 Female/male
Mast

 Mast diameter 45-

90mm
Lightning protection

 Direct Ground
Antenna types

 By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800,

GSM900/1800
 By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, ±45º linear
polarization, circle polarization
 By pattern: Omni-directional, directional
 By down-tilt: Non, mechanical, electronic
adjustment, remote control
 By function: Transmission, receiver,
transceiver
Feeder cable

7/8” Main feeder

Jumper cable

1/2” （JUMPER CABLE）

Connector

7/16”DIN-F（DIN CONNECTOR）
7/16”DIN-M（DIN & N CONNECTOR）
Lightning arrestor

Rf port 2

Grounding
Accessories

 Trimming Tool or Hand Tool Kit

 Clamp
 Earthing Kit
 Wall Glands
 Hoisting Stocking
 Universal Ground Bar
Antenna system
Antenna

7/16 Din Connector

1/2 Clamp

1/2 Jumper

Tower Top 7/8“ Cable

Amplifier

7/8“ Cable
Grounding

Machine house

1/2“ Jumper Grounding clip

EMP

Grounding bar
Cabinet
Content

 Antenna overview
 Antenna specifications
 Principle of antenna selection
Radio propagation in cities
 Environment features:
 Densely deployed BTS，small coverage area
 Decrease over coverage and interference, increase
frequency reuse factor
Antenna selection in cities

Polarization Dual-polarization (Installation space)

Direction Directional antenna (Frequency reuse factor)

3dB bandwidth 60~65°(Control coverage)

Gain 15-16dBi

Tilt down angle Fixed electrical tilt down

Radio propagation in suburb/rural area

 Environment features:
 Loosely deployed BTS
 light traffic
 large coverage
Antenna selection in suburb/rural area

Polarization Both dual-polarized and vertical

Direction directional

3dB bandwidth 90°105°

16-18dBi directional
Gain
or 9－11dBi omni

Tilt down angle Mechanical tilt down; 50m high; null fill
Radio propagation in road/highway environment

 Environment features:
 Low traffic
 Fast moving
subscribers
 Focus on coverage.
 Strip coverage
 Two sectors
 Omni-cell when pass
towns or tourist site
Antenna selection for highway

Polarization Both dual-polarized and vertical

Direction Narrow beamwidth directional

3dB
30°
bandwidth

Gain 18dBi－22dBi

Tilt down
No tilt down
angle
Radio propagation in mountainous environment

 Environment features:
 Block by mountains
 Big propagation loss
 Difficult to cover
Antenna selection in mountainous area

Polarization Both dual-polarized and vertical

Direction Omni or directional

3dB bandwidth Big 3db verticle bandwidth

Omni (9-11dBi）
Gain
Directional (15-18dBi）

Tilt down angle Null fill & electrical tilt down