UNDERGROUND MINING :

UNSUPPORTED METHODS
OLEH :
1. MUZAYYIN HABIBY
2. MANSUR
3. RUDY WANYSAR M.
4. ARIEF HIDAYAT
5. ARMAN
6. ALDIANSYAH
7. ARDY ANSHAR
8. RIYAN H. ARIFIN
UNDERGROUND MINING :
UNSUPPORTED METHODS
• OLEH :
1.MUZAYYIN HABIBY
2.MANSUR
3.RUDY WANYSAR M.
4.ARIEF HIDAYAT
5.ARMAN
6.ALDIANSYAH
7.ARDY ANSHAR
Mean of underground
mining
• Sub-surface mining or
underground mining refers to a
group of techniques used for the
extraction of coal, oil shale and
other minerals or other geological
materials from the earth. In
contrast to the other main type of
excavation, surface mining, sub-
surface mining requires
equipment and/or manpower to
operate under the surface of the
earth.
1.1 CLASSSIFICATION OF
METHODS
In that classsification, he foolowing
are considered unsupported
methods :
1. Room and pillar mining
2. stope and pillar mining
3. shrinkage stoping
4. Sublevel stopping
Picture 1. the sub surface
mining
1. Room and pillar mining
• The Illustration above shows an illustration of
a Room & Pillar Mine. Room and pillar mining
is still very common in underground coal
mines, because it is very flexible and does
not require a large capital expenditure for
equipment like a longwall mining operation
would.
Room & Pillar is so named, because pillars of
coal are left standing to help support the roof
of the mine. A typical design would have the
entry ways ( or rooms) with a width of 20 feet,
and the pillars with width's of 40-60 feet.
In some room & pillar mines, on retreat
mining, the pillars are removed, allowing the
roof to collapse. This is called "pulling the
pillars".
• Room n’ pillar mining is ideally
suited to the the underground of
coal and of several non metallic
and a few metallic minerals

1.1.1 Cycle of operations

- Cutting
- Drilling
- Blasting
- Loading
- hauling
the room n’ pillar mine
Advantages :
• Moderately high productivity
• Moderate mine cost
• Moderately high production rate etc.

Disadvantages :
- Caving and subsidence occur with
substanial pillar exraction
- Ground stress n’ support load
increase with depth etc.
Ad 2. stope n’ pillar
mining
• Strikingly similar to but displaying
unique differences from the rooM
and pillar methods, stope n’ pillar
is most widely used of all
underported method in which
opening are driven horizontally in
a mineral deposit a regular or
random pattern to form pillar for
ground support.
stope n’ pillar mining
• Design parameters are based
mainly on :
1. Rock mecanics
1. Econonomic factors
2. Technological concern
3. Savety
Cycle of operation :
-drill,
-blast,
-load,
-n’ haul.
Advantages :
• Moderately high productivity
• Moderate mine cost
• Moderately high production rate etc.

Disadvantages :
- Some ore lost in pillar
- Large capital expenditure
required for xtensive
mecanization
- Difficult to provide good
ventilation
Ad. 3 shrinkage stoping

-shrinkage stope is a overhand

method in which the ore is mined
in horizontally slices and remains
in the stope as temporary support
to the walls and to provide
sufficient working space.
-shrinkage stope was formerly a
very popular method of noncoal
mining
Advantages :
• Moderate to small scale
production rate
• Ore rawn down in stope by gravity
• Method conceptually simple, can
use for small mine
Disadvantages :
• Low moderate productivity
• Labor intensive, difficult to
mechanize
Cycle of operation :
-drill : pneumatic airlag. Sttoper, or
drivr percussion drill
-blast : Charging by hand
-secondary brekage : dinamit bomb
etc
-n’ haul : truck etc.
Ad 4 sublevel stoping
• In sublevel caving, ore is developed from a
series of sublevels spaced at regular intervals
throughout the orebody. Mining begins at he
top of the orebody. A series of ring patterns is
drilled and blasted from each sublevel.
Broken ore is mucked out after each blast
and the overlying waste rock caves on top of
the broken ore.
• This technique is inexpensive, highly
mechanized and yields a large amount of
muck. It is normally used in massive, steeply-
dipping orebodies with considerable strike
length. Since dilution and low recoveries are
unavoidable, sublevel caving is used to mine
low-grade, low-value ore-bodies.
• A mining method involving
overhand, underhand, and
shrinkage stoping.
Its characteristic feature is the
use of sublevels. The sublevels
are
worked simultaneously, the
lowest on a given block being
farthest advanced
and the subs above following one
another at short intervals
Cycle of operations
• Drilling : longhole pneumatic drill,
downhole pneumatic percussion
drill, roller bit rotary drill on drill
pltform or rig
• Blasting : charging by cadrigde or
bilk by pneumatic loader or pump
etc.
• Secondary breakage : impact
hammer
• Loading : gravity, chute
Advantages :
• Moderate to small scale
production rate
• Ore rawn down in stope by gravity
• Method conceptually simple, can
use for small mine
Disadvantages :
• Fairly xpensive
• Inflexible n’ non selective
• Longhole drilling reqires caeful
aligment