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Lecture BIOCHEMISTRY of CYTOSOL Alfi
Lecture BIOCHEMISTRY of CYTOSOL Alfi
Department of Biochemistry,
Medical Faculty Jenderal Soedirman University
CYTOSOL vs CYTOPLASM ???
CYTOPLASM
• It is the total content within the cell
membrane other than the contents of the
nucleus of the cell.
• It is the jelly-like substance together with the
organelles (mitochondrion, golgi apparatus,
vacuoles, plastids, and the endoplasmic
reticulum)
CYTOSOL
• The cytosol is the intra-cellular fluid that is
present inside the cells, without any organelles
Cells are composed of :
• water : 70-75%
• ions (inorganic)
• carbon-containing
(organic) molecules : 25-
30%
in adult person: male & female Changes in Water Content with Age
The Body’s Internal Water Is Compartmentalized
• In intracellular fluid:
• Potassium & magnesium are
predominant cation
• the main anions are phosphates
and proteins.
Its because the attractive forces between water molecules and the
slight tendency to ionize
In water the sharing electron is not equal
Water (H2O) is made up
of 2 hydrogen atoms
and 1 oxygen atom
By :
• replacing solute-solute hydrogen
bonds with solute-water
hydrogen bonds
• hydrating and stabilizing the Na+
and Cl- ions,
• weakening the electrostatic
interactions
Water molecules self-associate via hydrogen bonds
• Rupture of a hydrogen
bond in liquid water
requires only about 4.5
kcal/ mol, less than 5%
of the energy required
to rupture a covalent
O—H bond.
Hydrogen bonding enables water to dissolve many organic biomolecules that
contain functional groups which can participate in hydrogen bonding.
Additional polar groups participate in hydrogen bonding
Proteins tend to fold with the R-groups of amino acids with hydrophobic side
chains in the interior.
Amphipathic compounds contain
regions that are polar (or charged)
and nonpolar.
(a)
Long chain fatty acids have very
hydrophobic alkyl chains, each of which is
surrounded by a layer of highly ordered
water molecules
Hydrophobic interactions
between nonpolar amino
acids also stabilize the
three-dimensional
structures of proteins
A similar pattern to phospholipid bilayer :
in the aqueous environment of the living cell the hydrophobic portions of biopolymers tend to be
buried inside the structure of the molecule, or within a lipid bilayer, minimizing contact with water.
Electrostatic Interactions :Interactions between charged groups
But collectively,
very significant influence on the three-
dimensional structures of proteins,
nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and
membrane lipids.
The DNA double helix illustrates the contribution
of multiple forces to the structure of biomolecules
• Cells actively pump out Na+ and other ios into the interstitial fluid to stay in
osmotic balance with their surroundings
effect of solutes on osmolarity depends on the
number of dissolved particles, not their mass
• macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides) have less
effect on the osmolarity of a solution than an equal mass of their
monomeric components.
• For example, a gram of a polysaccharide composed of 1,000 glucose units
has the same effect on osmolarity as a milligram of glucose.