GAYA, TEGASAN DAN TERAKAN

(FORCES, STRESS AND STRAIN)

Scalars vs. Vectors

force and stress

(on a surface)
temperature
temperature
volume gradient acceleration

SCALARS Earth’s VECTORS

gravity Earth’s
field Mantle
speed convection magnetic
time flow field

velocity ocean
length currents
ANALISIS
(analysis)
 Chevron Fold, Laurel Mt., CA

Folding of Shale-Sandstone sequence,

Kings Canyon, California
 Fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the
Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France)
Strike-slip fault near Las Vegas, NV,
Source: M. Miller, U. of Oregon
 Calcite veins in joints of
marble, Laurel Mt., CA

Joints in Sandstone;
Small thrust fault, Las Vegas, NV,
Source: M. Miller, U. of Oregon
FORCES
ELIPSOID TEGASAN σ1 σ1

σ1 > σ2 = σ3 σ3 σ3
σ2 σ2

σ3
σ1 = σ2 > σ3 σ1 σ1
σ2 σ2

σ1 σ1

σ1 > σ2 > σ3 σ3 σ3
σ2 σ2
Deformation

Dilation: a change in volume

Distortion: a change in form
Translation: a change in place
Rotation: a change in orientation
ANALISIS TERAKAN
(strain analysis)
ELIPSOID TERAKAN τ1 τ1

τ1 > τ2 = τ3 τ3 τ3
τ2 τ2

τ1 τ1

τ1 = τ2 > τ3 τ3 τ3
τ2 τ2

τ1 τ1

τ1 > τ2 > τ3 τ3 τ3
τ2 τ2