By: Kyle Lester B.

Halasan
 2 types of Cells
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic have DO NOT have
a nucleus.
• Eukaryotics HAVE nucleus
Scientists have estimated that about 95% of all
the cells in the body are bacteria. The vast
majority of these microbes can be found within
the digestive tract.
• When a cell becomes damaged or undergoes
some type of infection, it will self destruct by a
process called apoptosis.

• A cell's inability to undergo apoptosis can

result in the development of cancer.
• Cells are the fundamental building blocks of
life.
• Cells are organism of themselves.
• There are millions of types of cells
• Some cells function when they in a big group.
• Adult man has 100 trillion cells
• 100,000,000,000,000 cells!
TYPES of CELLS
 PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Protects the cells from outside enviroment
• Maintains its shape
• Responsible of attaching it from outside
enviroment
• Receives signals from outside the cell’s body
• Helps some the transportation of some
molecules in and out the cells.
 Nucleus
• Found inside the Nucleus is nucleolus which
contains RNA.
• Nucleus contains DNA
• The nucleus decides what the cell needs and
uses DNA to print out instructions for the rest
of the cell to produce that need.
• Nucleoid the portion within a prokaryotic cell
where the genetic material is to be found.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Some cells do not possess E.R.
• Forms the skeletal framework.
• Active transport of cellular materials.
• Metabolic activities due to presence of different
enzymes.
• Provides increased surface area for cellular
reactions.
• Formation of nuclear membrane during cell
division.
 Ribosomes
• Makes proteins for the cell
• Reads the DNA to make proteins for its
activities.
 Lysosomes
• destroy waste to clean up the cell.
• Lysosomes contain an environment made to
destroy waste.
• Vesicles carry the waste (bacteria, old
organelles, etc.) into the lysosome.
• Once inside, the waste is destroyed and its
parts recycled
 Mitochondria
• produce energy to power the cell.
• The mitochondria convert carbohydrates
(sugar) taken from food into ATP.
• The mitochondria are unique in that it has two
protective shells.
 Gogli complex
• it secretes substances from the cell.
• the Golgi complex receive proteins and other
newly formed materials from the endoplasmic
reticulum, package them, and distribute them
to other parts of the cell.
• The Golgi complex also release materials
outside the cell.
 Cytoplasm
• Large fuild space found in the cells
• Helps destroy waste
• Move materials around the cell
 Immunity
• Refers to the body’s specific protective
response to an invading foreign agent or
organism.
• Responses occure in cellular level
• Immune pathology– refers to the study of
diseases that results from dysfuncitons within
the immune system.
 Factors that affects immuninty
• Central nervous system integrity
• Emotional stress
• Medications
• Stress in illness
• Trauma
• surgery
 Immune system disorders
• Autoimmunity- the body attacks its own
tissue leading to damage.
• Hypersensitivity- over response to specific
antigens
• Gammopathies- immunoglobulins over
produce.
• Immunedeficiences
– Primary
– secondary
 Immune deficiences
• Primary- results from improper cells or tissues
usually. Congenital or inherited

• Secondary- results from some interference

with an already developed immune systems,
usually acquired later in life.
 2 types of WBC
• B-lymphocytes (B-cells) – from the bone
marrow and matures in the bone marrow.
• T-lymphocytes (T-cells) – from the bone
marrow then transfer to thymus.
 Immune function
• Natural (non specific (immunity)
• Acquired (specific immunity)
 Natural
• Since birth
• Broad spectrum of defences
• Rapid non specific immunity
• Cells involved (ability to recognize and
respond in wide variety of pathogens)
– Macrophages
– Dendrictic cells
– Natural killer cells
 Aquired immmunity
• Immune response aquired during life but not
at birth.
• Cells involved are T-cells and B-cells
• 2 types of aquired immunity
– Active ( body’s own)
– antibodies in response to diseases, mother to baby
– Passive ( outside source)
– Vaccines, immunoglobulins, anti serums
 Natural and Artificial
• Natural active immunity- aquired from diseases
• Artificial active immunity- from vaccines

• Natural passive immunity- mother to her baby

• Artificial passive immunity- immunoglobulins &
anti serums
 Immunoglobulins
• Antibodies are also known as
immunoglobulins.
• IgG
• IgA
• IgM
• IgD
• IgE
 IgG (75%)
• Serum and tissues
• Enhances phagocytosis
• Crosses placenta
 IgA (15%)
• Appears in bod fluids ( blood,saliva, tears,
breats milk, pulmonary, gastrointestinal ,
prostatic and viginal secretions)
• Protects from respiratory, gastrointestinal and
genitourinary infections
• Prevents antigen from the food
• Passes to the neonate in breast milk milk for
protection.
 IgM (10%)
• Appears in intravascular serum
• Appears first response in bacterial and viral
infection.
 IgD (0.2%)
• Appears small amount in blood
• Role is unclear
 IgE (0.004%)
• Appears in blood
• Takes part in alllergic reaction and
hypersensitivity reactions
• Combats parasitic infection
 Assessment for immune dysfunction
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
– Changes in the respiratory rate
– Cough
– Abnormal lung sounds
– Rhinitid
– Hyperventilation
– brochospasm
 Cardiovascular system
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Dysrhytmia
• Vaculitis
• Anemia
 Gastrointestinal system
• Hepatoslenomegaly
• Colitis
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
 Genitourinary system
• Frequency and burning on urination
• Hematuria
• Discharge
 Musculoskeletal
• Joint mobility
• Edema
• Pain
 Integumentary system
• Rashes
• Lesions
• Dermatitis
• Hermatomas
• Edema
• Inflamation
• Fever
• Discharge
 Neurosensory system
• Cognitive dysfunction
• Hearing loss
• Visual changes
• Headache and migraines
• tetany
Six components of infectious disease
process
• Pathogenic microrganism- bacterias, viruses
and fungi
• Reservoir- the place where microrganism live
and multiply ( Human and animals)
• Means of escape- scource to thier escape
from the host. ( respiratory, genitourinary,etc)
• Mode of transmission- the bridge that gaps
the exit and entry of the microrganism.
( droplets, feces, insects,blood and etc)
• Susceptible host- infected host. (human,
animals)
 Pathophysiologic diagram
• CAUSE and EFFECT
Example
 Genetic
Age: 14 y.o.
Viral infection
Diabetes mellitus type 1

Repaglinide Beta cell dysfunction

Lack of insulin

Glucose uptake Breakdown of fats

Hyperglycemia Ketone bodies

Polyuria
Acidosis
Dehydration
Causes Respiration rate
Medication Thirst (Polydipsia) Vomiting
Pathophysiology Acetone breath
Signs & symtoms
 Reporting
• Powerpoint presentations and it will be check
before presenting to the class.
• All members of the group must present
• Quizes are given from the topics discussed by
the reporters.
• Questions and Answer after each topic.
• Reporting is 25% of your total grade.
• Count off from 1-30+
1. Diarrhea 1-2
2. Cholera 3-4
3. Urinary tract infection 5-6
4. Hepatitis B 7-10
5. HIV/AIDS 11-14
6. Syphilis 15-16
7. Gonorrhea 17-18
8. Tubercolosis 19-20
9. Pneumonia 21-22
10.Dengue 23-25
11.Malaria 26-28
12.Rabies 29-30+
 Content
• Definition
• Mode of transmission
• Pathogenic Microrganism
• Pathophysiology
• Signs and symptoms
• Medication and treatments
• Other details
• 3 Priority Nursing Diagnosis
 TERMS
• Pathophysiology- is the study of human
physiologic functions in disease.
• Pathophysiologic diagram- use simply the
disease by the use of diagram.
 Health
• By WHO “ is merely the absence of disease
but a state of complete physical, mental, social
well being”
• Disease- can be defined a loss of systems
equilibrium. (balance)
 Epidemiology
• Is the study of the cause and distribution of
disease in the population
– Mobidity (disease occurrence)
– Mortality (death cause by the disease)

Example: in United States the respiratory problems

are the leading cause of morbidity while
cardiovascular diseases is the leading cause of
mortality.
 Pathophysiology
• Is the mechanism of the disease that causes
disruption to the normal physiologic process
cause by the etiology.
• Pathophysiologic diagram- used to simplify
the disease process through the use og
diagram.
 Etiology
• Is the identified cause of a disease.
• “causes”
 Clinical manisfestation
• Patients reports and physical evidences
resulting from etiologic and pathophysiologic
process.
• “Signs and symptoms”
 Prognosis
• Refers to the expected outcome of a disease.
 Cancer
• Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells.
• “malignancy”
• There are lots of types of cancer cells,
symptoms vary depending on the affected
area.
 Cancer tumors
• Benign
• Malignant
 Benign
• refers to a tumor, condition, or growth is slow.
• The growth is only localized it will not spread
or metastasize.
• If they are cut they will usually not grow back.
• But some benign will is big enough that cause
problems to organ around it.
 Malignant
• The opposite of benign is malignant tumor.
• This cancer cells can invade and damage tissues
and organs near the tumor.
• Cancer cells can break away from a malignant
tumor and enter the lymphatic system or the
bloodstream.
• This is how cancer spreads from the original
tumor to form new tumors in other parts of the
body (aka metastasize).
 Benign Malignant
• Neuroma • Neuroblastoma
• Lipoma • Liposarcoma
• Osteoma • Osteosarcoma
• Meningioma • Meningeal sarcoma
• Hemangioma • Hemangiosarcoma
• Adenoma • Adenocarcinoma
 Stages of Cancer
 Stage 0 • Carcinoma on site

 Stage 1 • Higher numbers indicate more extensive

disease: Larger tumor size and/or spread
Stage 2 of the cancer beyond the organ in which
Stage 3 it first developed to nearby lymph nodes
and/or organs adjacent to the location of
the primary tumor.

 Stage 4
• The cancer has spread to other
organ or organs.
 Surgery
• Surgical removal of the entire cancer.
• It remains as a ideal and most frequently use
treament.
– Diagnostic surgery
– Palliative surgery (decreased the complications of
cancer)
– Prophylactic surgery (prevention)
– Reconstructive surgery (repair)
 Radiation Therapy
• Ionizing radiation is used ti interrupt cellular
growth.
– Internal radiation therapy
– External radiation therapy

>Assess the patients nurtitional status.

>Care on the patients oral mucosa and skin.
>Protect the nurse from the patients radiactive
implants and patients discharges.
 Chemotherapy
• An antineoplastic agents are used in a attempt
to destroy tumors cells by interferring with
cellular funtions and replication.
• Use for systemic treatment.
• An Aggressive treatment for cancer.
• (20%-99%) on each exposure of the drug.
 Common side effects
• Anemia, low red blood cell count
• Low white blood cell count (this increases risk for infection)
• Hair loss, or thinning hair
• Bleeding or bruising (due to low platelet count)
• Dry skin, or rashes
• Fatigue
• Diarrhea, constipation
• Nausea or vomiting
• Muscle and nerve problems
• Lung problems and difficulty breathing; coughing excessively
• Fertility and sexuality problems
 Nursing responsibilities
• Monitor the clients nutritional status.
• Patients are usually immuno depress.
• Patient might be emotional.
• They are usually in servere pain. (late stages)
• Monitor the patients side effects from the
drugs.
• Protect yourself.