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Data Communication Fundamentals: Business Data Communications, 4e
Data Communication Fundamentals: Business Data Communications, 4e
Data Communication
Fundamentals
Business Data Communications, 4e
uhree Components of Data
Communication
` Data
` Analog: Continuous value data (sound, light, temperature)
` Digital: Discrete value (text, integers, symbols)
` Signal
` Analog: Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
` Digital: Series of voltage pulses (square wave)
` uransmission
` Analog: Works the same for analog or digital signals
` Digital: Used only with digital signals
Analog Data-->Signal Options
A
Data
D
D
A Transmission
System
A D
Signal
Advantages of Digital
uransmission
` uhe signal is exact
` Signals can be checked for errors
` oise/interference are easily filtered out
` A variety of services can be offered over one
line
` Higher bandwidth is possible with data
compression
Why Use Analog uransmission?
` Already in place
` Significantly less expensive
` Lower attentuation rates
` Fully sufficient for transmission of voice
signals
Analog Encoding
` Data encoding
of and decoding
Digital technique to
Data
represent data using the properties of analog
waves
` Modulation: the conversion of digital signals
to analog form
` Demodulation: the conversion of analog data
signals back to digital form
Modem
` An acronym for modulator-demodulator
` Uses a constant-frequency signal known as a
carrier signal
` Converts a series of binary voltage pulses into
an analog signal by modulating the carrier
signal
` uhe receiving modem translates the analog
signal back into digital data
Methods of Modulation
` Amplitude modulation (AM) or amplitude
shift keying (ASK)
` Frequency modulation (FM) or frequency
shift keying (FSK)
` Phase modulation or phase shift keying (PSK)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
` In radio transmission, known as amplitude
modulation (AM)
` uhe amplitude (or height) of the sine wave
varies to transmit the ones and zeros
` Major disadvantage is that telephone lines are
very susceptible to variations in transmission
quality that can affect amplitude
ASK Illustration
v v
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
` In radio transmission, known as frequency
modulation (FM)
` Frequency of the carrier wave varies in
accordance with the signal to be sent
` Signal transmitted at constant amplitude
` More resistant to noise than ASK
` Less attractive because it requires more
analog bandwidth than ASK
FSK Illustration
v v v
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
` Also known as phase modulation (PM)
` Frequency and amplitude of the carrier signal
are kept constant
` uhe carrier signal is shifted in phase according
to the input data stream
` Each phase can have a constant value, or value
can be based on whether or not phase changes
(differential keying)
PSK Illustration
v v
Differential Phase Shift Keying
(DPSK)
v v
Analog Channel Capacity: BPS vs.
` Baud=# of signal changes per second
` BPS=bits per second
Baud
` In early modems | , baud=BPS
` Each signal change can represent more than one bit,
through complex modulation of amplitude,
frequency, and/or phase
` Increases information-carrying capacity of a channel
without increasing bandwidth
` Increased combinations also leads to increased
likelihood of errors
±oice Grade Modems
Cable Modems
DSL Modems
Digital Encoding
of Analog Data
` Primarily used in retransmission devices
` uhe sampling theorem: If a signal is sampled
at regular intervals of time and at a rate higher
than twice the significant signal frequency,
the samples contain all the information of the
original signal.
` 8000 samples/sec sufficient for 4000hz
Converting Samples to Bits
` Quantizing
` Similar concept to pixelization
` Breaks wave into pieces, assigns a value in a
particular range
` 8-bit range allows for 256 possible sample
levels
` More bits means greater detail, fewer bits
means less detail
Codec
` Coder/Decoder
` Converts analog signals into a digital form
and converts it back to analog signals
` Where do we find codecs?
` Sound cards
` Scanners
` ±oice mail
` ±ideo capture/conferencing
Digital Encoding
of Digital Data
` Most common, easiest method is different
voltage levels for the two binary digits
` uypically, negative=1 and positive=0
` Known as RZ-L, or nonreturn-to-zero level,
because signal never returns to zero, and the
voltage during a bit transmission is level
Differential RZ
` Differential version is RZI ( RZ, invert on
ones)
` Change=1, no change=0
` Advantage of differential encoding is that it is
more reliable to detect a change in polarity
than it is to accurately detect a specific level
Problems With RZ
` Difficult to determine where one bit ends and
the next begins
` In RZ-L, long strings of ones and zeroes
would appear as constant voltage pulses
` uiming is critical, because any drift results in
lack of synchronization and incorrect bit
values being transmitted
Biphase Alternatives to RZ
modem modem
DB-25 Female
DB-25 Male
RS-232 DB-25 Pinouts
RS-232 DB-9 Connectors
` Limited RS-232
RS-422 DI -8
` Found on Macs
M l F l
Electrical Specifications
` Specifies signaling between DuE and DCE
` Uses RZ-L encoding
` ±oltage < -3± = binary 1
` ±oltage > +3± = binary 0
` Rated for <20Kbps and <15M
` greater distances and rates are theoretically
possible, but not necessarily wise
RS-232 Signals (Asynch)
° P rity
v P rity
P rity