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Bernoulli in Pipe
Bernoulli in Pipe
CEE 331
April 1, 2018
dp dV dz
V
ds ds ds
Integrate F=ma Along a
Streamline
dp dV dz
V Eliminate ds
ds ds ds
dp 1 2
V gz C p
2
If density is constant…
1
p V 2 z C p '
2
Bernoulli Equation
Assumptions needed for Bernoulli Equation
Frictionless
Steady
Constant density (incompressible)
Along a streamline
p V2 Elevation datum
z C p"
2g
p1
z1
p2
z2 We didn’t cross any streamlines
so this analysis is okay!
p2
z1 - z2 = Same as we found using statics
g
Hydraulic and Energy
Mechanical energy
Grade
Lines (neglecting losses for now)
p V2
z z 2 g C p" Mechanical Energy The 2 cm diameter jet is
Conserved 5 m lower than the
V2
2g
surface of the reservoir.
V 2 What is the flow rate
p 2 g (Q)? Teams
z
z
Elevation datum
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure datum? __________________
Bernoulli Equation: Simple Case
(p = 0 or constant)
What is an example of a fluid experiencing
a change in elevation, but remaining at a
constant pressure? ________
Free jet
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g
V12 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g
V2 = 2 g ( z1 - z2 ) + V12
Bernoulli Equation Application:
Stagnation Tube
What happens when the p V2
z Cp"
water starts flowing in the 2g
channel?
Does the orientation of the
Yes!
tube matter? _______
How high does the water
rise in the stagnation tube?
How do we choose the
points on the streamline?
Stagnation point
Bernoulli Equation Application:
Stagnation Tube
1a-2a V = f(Dp) p
z
V2
Cp" 2b z
_______________ 2g
Same streamline
1b
1b-2a V = f(Dp)
_______________
Crosses || streamlines 1a 2a
1a-2b V = f(z2)
_______________
Doesn’t cross
_____________
streamlines In all cases we don’t know p1
p1 V12 p2 V22 V12
z1 z2 z2 V1 2 gz2
2g 2g 2g
Stagnation Tube
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g
2 V1 = 0 2
V 1 V p1 p2
z1 = z2
k
ŝ
n̂
Bernoulli
Normal to the Streamlines
p dz
an g
n dn
2
R is local radius of curvature
V
an n is toward the center of the radius of curvature
R
0 (s is constant normal to streamline)
p p
dp ds dn dp dn p n
s n
dp V2 dz
g
dn R dn
Integrate F=ma Normal to the
Streamlines
dp V2 dz
g Multiply by dn
dn R dn
dp V dn gdz C
2
R n
Integrate
p V 2
dn gz Cn (If density is constant)
R
p
2
V
dn gz Cn "
R
Pressure Change Across
Streamlines
V 2 p1 V 2
p dn gz Cn " dn z Cn '
R g R
2
V
p dn gz Cn"
R
gage pressure
Pressure datum____________
Solution to Nozzle Flow
1 z
2
p 1 V
dn z Cn ' h=105 cm D1=30 cm
g R
3
Q
p1 p2 p2
z1 z2 h 2
D2=10 cm
V22 V32
Now along the streamline h
2g 2g
p V2
z Cp" Two unknowns…
2g
h _______________
Mass conservation
p2 V22 p3 V32 4Q
z2 z3 Q V2 A2 V3 A3 V2
2g 2g d 22
Solution to Nozzle Flow (continued)
2 2 1 z
8Q 8Q
h h=105 cm D1=30 cm
g d 2 g 2 d34
2 4
3
Q
8 1 1 2 2
h 2 4
4 Q D2=10 cm
g d3 d 2
hg 2
Q
1 1
8 4 4
d3 d 2
Incorrect technique…
1 z
p 1 V 2 D1=30 cm
dn z Cn ' h=105 cm
g R 3
Q
2
2
p V D2=10 cm
z Cp"
2g
p1 V12 p2 V22 V2 2 g z2
z1 z2
2g 2g d 22 d 22
Q V2 2 g z2
4 4
What is the radius of curvature at the
end of the pipe?
p V 2 1 z
dn gz Cn D1=30 cm
R h=105 cm
2
3
p V Q
R dn gz Cn
Uniform velocity
2
D2=10 cm
p V2 Assume R>>D2 1
z gz Cn
R
dn dz 2
p V2 p1 p2 0
z g Cn R
R
V2 V2
g R
R g
Example: Venturi
Example: Venturi
How would you find the flow (Q) given the pressure drop
between point 1 and 2 and the diameters of the two sections?
You may assume the head loss is negligible. Draw the EGL and
the HGL over the contracting section of the Venturi.
1 2
Example Venturi
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
1 2g 2 2g Q VA
p1 p2 V22 V12 V1 A1 V2 A2
2g 2g
d12 d 22
4
V1 V2
2
1 2
p1 p V d 4 4
2 2
2g d
1 V1d12 V2 d 22
2 g ( p1 p2 ) d 22
V2 V1 V2
1 d 2 d1 4 d12
2 g ( p1 p2 )
Q Cv A2
1 d 2 d1 4