Introduction To Drugs

INTRODUCTION TO DRUGS
BY
Dr. SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM

M.PHARM, M.B.A, PhD
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
S.N TITLE PAGE
O
1 OVERVIEW OF DRUGS 4
2 SOURCES OF DRUG 13
3 NAMEING OF DRUG 23
4 DRUG USE COMPLICATION 25
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D)

2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Define and discuss basic concepts of Pharmacology

 Understand the History of pharmacology and other
therapy's
 Define drug, source of drugs and naming of drugs
 Describe the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion)
 Describe the pharmacodynamic and mechanisms of drug
actions
 Apply pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts
to patient scenarios
 Demonstrate the drug discovery and drug development
 Define and explain the various terminology used in
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 3

1. OVER VIEW OF DRUGS
 A drug is any substance other than food, that when
inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a
patch on the skin or dissolved under the tongue causes a
physiological change in the body.
 In pharmacology, a pharmaceutical drug, also called a

medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to
treat, cure, prevent, diagnose a disease or to promote well-
being.
 Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes—

groups of related drugs that have similar chemical structures,
the same mechanism of action (binding to the same biological
target), a related mode of action, and that are used to treat
the same disease.
OVER VIEW OF DRUGS
1.A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into
the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.
2.Drug is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly

deriving later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels",
referring to medicinal plants preserved in them
3.Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemical's by

being introduced from outside the organism.
4.For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is

called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the
body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.
5.Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some

mushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, as when ingested
they affect the functioning of both mind and body.
WHAT IS DRUG?
A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine,

Medication or medicament, can be loosely defined as any
chemical substance intended for use in the 1,prevention of
disease , 2,medical diagnosis, 3,cure the disease, 4,treat the
disease, and 5,enhance mental well-being.
 Pharmacology can be studied at multiple “levels”: molecular,

(sub)cellular, tissue, whole animal, or population
 Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs in human patients
 Toxicology is the study of harmful rather than therapeutic effects
 Pharmacy involves manufacture, preparation, and dispensing of drugs

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG
7
K.SAMINATHAN. M.pharm, M.B.A,( P.hD) Allianze college of medical sciences
PHARMACOLOGY TODAY WITH ITS VARIOUS SUBDIVISIONS

HISTORY ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE
The term ‘allopathy’ was coined in 1842 by C.F.S. Hahnemann to designate
its contrast to homeopathy.
The original term for allopathic medicine was defined in terms of this
opposing medical system, its history can also be viewed in the context of
homeopathy.
In the 18th century, Edward Jenner
made a great contribution to the
prevention of disease by
discovering a method of
vaccination against smallpox.
Louise Pasteur was sometimes

referred to as the father of
preventive medicine as a result of Edward Jenner
his work in recognizing the
relationship between bacteria and
Louis Pasteur infectious diseases. RABIES
(1822-1895)
VACCINE
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) Con… 9
THE FIRST PHARMACY IN
EUROPE (still working) was
opened in 1241
in Trier, Germany.
In the United States, the

first female physician
was Elizabeth Blackwell, In 1873, the Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing,
who was awarded her of New York City, was founded. It was the first school
degree in 1849. of nursing in the United States Con… 10
PAUL EHRLICH (1838–1921)

(1854-1915) Oswald
German scientist Schmiedeberg
in the fields Generally
of hematology, recognized as the
immunology, and founder of
chemotherapy modern
pharmacology
ALEXANDER
SIR FREDERICK
FLEMING
BANTING
(1881-1955)
(1891 –1941) &
-discovery of the
CHARLES BEST
-enzyme lysozyme
(1899 – 1978)
in 1923
Known for the
- antibiotic penicillin
discovery of
from the
the insulin
mold Penicillium
notatum
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) Con… 11
SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS
 Morphine : Friedrich Serturner (1805)
 Atropine : Grieger & Hessie (1833)
 Histamine : Vogt (1907)
 Sulfanilamide : P. Gleno (1908)
 Oxytocin : Abel (1919)
 Insulin: Banting & Best (1922)
 Penicillins : A. Flemming (1928)
 Sulfonamides : Domagk (1932)
 Cortisone: Edward C.Kendall
 Streptomycin : Waksman (1944)
 Chloramphenicol : Bartz (1948)
 Tetracycline: Duggar (1948)
 Lithium : Cade (1950)
12
2. SOURCES OF DRUG
 Natural products
 Plants
 Animals
 Minerals
 Bacteria and fungi
 Chemical development
 Synthetic / Semi synthetic of drug
 Manipulation of genetic information

PLANT SOURCE
Digitalis purpurea (foxglowe) DigitalisHEART FAILURE Rauwolfia serpentina (INDIA) Reserpidine ANTIHYPERTESIVE
AGENT
Vinca rosea Vinka alkaloids ANTI CANCER Cinchona pubescens Quinine MALARIA
Nicotiana tabacum Nicotinic receptor STIMULANT Opium seed Morphine ANALGESIC
ALOE VERA LAXATIVES AND COSMETICS Atropa belladonna Anti cholinergic OP POISION
15
ANIMAL SOURCE
Leech - Heparin Shark - shark liver oil
Pepsin, hormone - cow Vaccine, insulin - Hors

MICROORGANISM SOURCE
 Bacterial, Fungi, Moulds imp source of many life saving
drugs.
 These obtained from MO and used to kill Microorganisms.
Drug Microorganism
 Penicillin Penicilium notatum
 Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace
 Griseofluvin Pencillin grisofullivum
 Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
 Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae
MINERAL SOURCE
Mineral Use
 Ferrous sulfate(FeSo4) Anemia
 Magnesium sulfate(MgSo4) Purgative
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid

 Aluminum Hydroxide, Antacid
 Magnesium Antacid
 Zinc Antiseptic
 Gold Anti-inflammatory
 Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium Electrolytes
SYNTHETIC
 Presently majority of drugs are obtained
synthetically
 Some of drugs which are earlier obtained from
plant today synthesized in lab.
Example Trade Name Classification

Paracetamol Panadol Antipyretics
Meperidine Demerol Analgesic
Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal
Co-Trimoxazole Septra Anti-Infective
Sulfonamide;
Used in the
treatment of
UTI’s
19
SEMI SYNTHETIC
 These are mainly obtained by changing

the chemical structure of natural obtaining
drugs.
 Ex: Atropine bromide
 Penicillin substrates.
( by changing –R side chain)

HUMAN SOURCE
 HCG Pregnant women

 Menotrophin Post Menopausal women urine
 Regular insulin Human
 Urokinase Human kidney cells
 rh GH Human

GENTICALLY ENGINEERING
 Relatively new methodology involves the blending

of discoveries from molecular biology, Recombinant
DNA technology, DNA alteration, Gene splicing,
immuno pharmacology.
Ex:-
Hepatitis-B
Insulin (Human insulin of Recombinant DNA techniques)

3. NAMES OF DRUGS
 The generic name:

 is given for the drug to being official name.
 The official name:

 is the name under which its listed in one in the official
publication.
 The chemical name:

 is the name by which the chemist knows it.
 The trade mark or brand name (proprietary name) :

 is name given by the drug manufacture
 Example: hydrochlorothiazide (official name).
 Esidrex (brand name)

4. DRUG USE
COMPLICATION
K.SAMINATHAN. M.pharm, M.B.A,( P.hD)

Allianze university college of medical sciences
K.SAMINATHAN. M.pharm, M.B.A,( P.hD)
1).SUBSTANCE ABUSE
also known as drug abuse, refers to a
maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that
is not considered dependent.
CLASSIFICATION
A) WHO DEFINITIONS:
Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous
use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol
and illicit drugs.
B) MEDICAL DEFINITIONS
Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use
Disorders

12 SIGNS OF TEENAGE DRUG ABUSE
1.Odor of substance in breath and clothes:
2.Poor physical appearance: forget to comb his hair,

forgets to bathe and takes the fashion sense.
3.Suddenly covering of his/her arms and legs –
4.Bloodshot eyes
5.Mood swings.
6.Recent adverse life event

he/she cant handle like parents separating, losing a
girlfriend/boyfriend, or sexual physical abuse.
12 SIGNS OF TEENAGE DRUG ABUSE
7. A drug abuser needs money to support his/her habit.

8.School performance is getting worst - He/She is good
student now getting failing marks
9. He/She is always absent from class and gives false
excuses.
10.Drug using group of friends - Look into the kinds of
social gatherings he/she attends.
11.Decrease communication with other family members
-
12.Repeated overt intoxication

2.SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE
OR DRUG DEPENDENCE
1. Drug dependence means that a person needs a

drug to function normally. Abruptly stopping the
drug leads to withdrawal symptoms.
2. Drug dependence is substance addiction which is the

physical and/or psychological need for a drug.
3. Substance dependence can be diagnosed with

physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or
withdrawal, or without physiological dependence.

3. DRUG ADDICTION
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by
compulsive, or uncontrollable, drug seeking.
Its characteristics include:
(i) an overpowering desire or need (compulsion) to

continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any
means.
(ii) a tendency to increase the dose.
(iii) a psychic (psychological) and generally a physical

dependence on the effects of the drug.
(iv) detrimental effects on the individual and on society.
PROCESS OF DRUGS ADDICTION

4. DRUG HABITUATION
Drug habituation (habit) is a condition resulting from the
repeated consumption of a drug. Its characteristics
include
(i) a desire (but not a compulsion) to continue taking the
drug for the sense of improved well-being.
(ii) little or no tendency to increase the dose.
(iii) some degree of psychic dependence on the effect of

the drug, but absence of physical dependence.
(iv) Smoking tobacco is both a physical addiction

and a psychological habit.
5. DRUG OVERDOSE
1. The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD)
describes the ingestion or application of a drug or
other substance in quantities that are excessive.
2. An overdose is widely considered harmful and

dangerous as it can result in death.
3. Signs and symptoms of an overdose vary depending

on the drug or toxin exposure. .
4. Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally

to commit suicide or as self-harm.

6. DRUG TOLERANCE
1.Drug tolerance is a state of decreased responsiveness
to the pharmacologic effect of a drug resulting from a
prior exposure to that drug or to a related drug. When
exoduses tolerant to drug B.
HERE ARE TWO MAJOR MECHANISMS FOR TOLERANCE:
1. Dispositional tolerance: occurs because of a

decreased quantity of the substance reaching the site
it affects.
2. Reduced responsiveness: the response to the

substance is decreased by cellular mechanisms.
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INTRODUCTION TO DRUGS

Dr. SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM

4 DRUG USE COMPLICATION 25

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D)

 Define and discuss basic concepts of Pharmacology

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 3

 In pharmacology, a pharmaceutical drug, also called a

 Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes—

2.Drug is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly

3.Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemical's by

4.For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is

5.Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine,

 Pharmacology can be studied at multiple “levels”: molecular,

 Toxicology is the study of harmful rather than therapeutic effects

 Pharmacy involves manufacture, preparation, and dispensing of drugs

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 8

Louise Pasteur was sometimes

In the United States, the

PAUL EHRLICH (1838–1921)

 Bacteria and fungi

 Manipulation of genetic information

Leech - Heparin Shark - shark liver oil

Pepsin, hormone - cow Vaccine, insulin - Hors

 These obtained from MO and used to kill Microorganisms.

 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid

Example Trade Name Classification

 These are mainly obtained by changing

 Ex: Atropine bromide

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 20

 HCG Pregnant women

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 21

 Relatively new methodology involves the blending

Insulin (Human insulin of Recombinant DNA techniques)

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 22

 The generic name:

 The official name:

 The chemical name:

 The trade mark or brand name (proprietary name) :

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 23

K.SAMINATHAN. M.pharm, M.B.A,( P.hD)

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 27

1.Odor of substance in breath and clothes:

2.Poor physical appearance: forget to comb his hair,

3.Suddenly covering of his/her arms and legs –

6.Recent adverse life event

7. A drug abuser needs money to support his/her habit.

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 29

1. Drug dependence means that a person needs a

2. Drug dependence is substance addiction which is the

3. Substance dependence can be diagnosed with

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 31

(i) an overpowering desire or need (compulsion) to

(ii) a tendency to increase the dose.

(iii) a psychic (psychological) and generally a physical

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 33

(ii) little or no tendency to increase the dose.

(iii) some degree of psychic dependence on the effect of

(iv) Smoking tobacco is both a physical addiction

2. An overdose is widely considered harmful and

3. Signs and symptoms of an overdose vary depending

4. Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally