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Electronic Devices & Circuits (EDC) PE-124: Prepared By: Engr. Shafaq Ejaz
Electronic Devices & Circuits (EDC) PE-124: Prepared By: Engr. Shafaq Ejaz
Electronic Devices & Circuits (EDC) PE-124: Prepared By: Engr. Shafaq Ejaz
PE-124
Week 1: Lecture No. 1
Prepared by: Engr. Shafaq Ejaz
Introduction to Electronic
Devices & Circuits.
1. History of Electronics
Sudhir Kumar Routray
Region 8, The University of Sheffield, England
2. Electronic Devices
Conventional Current Version
Latest Edition By Floyd
History
Atomic Structure
Matter Classification
4
PE-124 Department of Electrical (Power) Engineering
What is Electronics?
Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study of flow and control of
electrons (electricity) and the study of their behavior and effects in vacuums, gases,
and semiconductors, and with devices using such electrons. This control of electrons
is accomplished by devices that resist, carry, select, steer, switch, store, manipulate,
and exploit the electron.
PE-124 Department of Electrical (Power) Engineering 5
History of Electronics
There after the next big name was Luigi Galvani who
discovered the so called bioelectricity from his famous
experiment using the frog leg. He thought that electricity as
one of the sources of life.
PE-124 Department of Electrical (Power) Engineering 8
Electronics before 20th Century
Michel Faraday gave many fundamental theories which are like the
back bone to the electrical sciences. His concept of lines of forces
was not accepted by the then scientific community, but was later
found to be the fundamental fact of electromagnetism. He first gave
the knowledge of electrical power generation and made the first
transformer of the world.
Maxwell was mainly using DC and was the greatest advocate of the
use of DC.
In the first decade the new thing that was welcomed to the technical
world was the vacuum tube.
Marconi’s radio needs some good detectors for the receiving of the
incoming radio waves. For that reason a good rectifier was needed
which can convert the AC into DC.
Then Fleming invented the first vacuum tube using the principle
known as Edison Effect. it can work as a rectifier (change the AC
into DC). This vacuum tube filled Marconi’s need. It has two
electrodes and that’s why it was named as diode.
The real electronics what it is called today was actually started after
the discovery of the transistor effect.
Elements are the simplest substances. There are about 100 different
elements.
N X3,000,000,000
O
Si
Millions of these atoms join to form
each tiny grain of sand.
O
For some time people thought that atoms were the smallest particles
and could not be broken into anything smaller.
Scientists now know that atoms are actually made from even smaller
subatomic particles. There are three types:
Proton
Neutron
Electron
PE-124 Department of Electrical (Power) Engineering 21
Atomic Structure
nucleus electron
Force of attraction
Outer most shell is between +ve charged
called valence shell. nucleus & –ve charged
electrons.
neutron proton
Electrons that are in orbits
farther from the nucleus
The differences in energy have higher energy and are
levels within a shell are much less tightly bound to the
Shells are designated as atoms than those closer to
smaller than the differences
1, 2, 3 or K, L, M. the nucleus.
in energy between shells.
PE-124 Department of Electrical (Power) Engineering 23
Atomic Structure
When an atom absorbs energy from a heat source or from light, the
energies of the electrons are raised
When a free electron loses energy and falls into the outer shell of
neutral atom, the atom becomes negatively charged and is called a
negative ion.
11 26 50 9
Electrons have a mass of almost zero, which means that the mass of each
atom results almost entirely from the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus.
Atoms have no overall electrical charge and are neutral. This means
atoms must have an equal number of protons and electrons.
The number of electrons is therefore the same as the atomic number.
1st shell
2nd shell
3rd shell
Conductors:
Easily conduct electricity
Best conductors are single element materials, such as copper,
silver, gold and aluminum (atoms with one valence electron).
Loosely bound valence electrons can easily breakaway and
become free electrons.
Conductive materials have many free electrons, when moving in
the same direction make up the current.
Insulators:
Does not conduct electricity under normal conditions.
Most good insulators are compound rather than single element
materials.
Valence electrons are tightly bound to the atoms.
Very few free electrons.
Good examples are wood, glass and diamond.
Semiconductors:
A material between conductors and insulators in its ability to
conduct electrical current.
In its pure form neither a good conductor nor good insulator.
Most common single element semiconductors are silicon,
germanium, and carbo characterized by FOUR valence electrons.
Compound semiconductor gallium arsenide is commonly used.
Pure semiconductors: Intrinsic semiconductors
Impure semiconductors: Extrinsic semiconductors
PE-124 Department of Electrical (Power) Engineering 39
Matter Classification
Periodic Table:
As germanium valence electrons are at higher energy levels than of silicon thus
require a small amount of additional energy to escape from atom. This property
makes germanium more unstable at high temperature. And this is the basic
reason why silicon is most widely used.
PE-124 Department of Electrical (Power) Engineering 43
Matter Classification
Covalent Bond:
Solid materials are formed because the bonding between atoms forms a rigid
structure. When atoms bond in solids, they form a covalent bond, which means
that one or more electrons on a given atom are shared with neighboring atoms.