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    Standards and Applications of SDH

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    yogesh_simiff
    - SONET/SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by standardizing network transmission formats and multiplexing structures. - It defines a modular, hierarchical framework including synchronous transport signals like STM-1 and OC-1. Lower rate signals are mapped and multiplexed into higher rate signals with fixed overhead bytes for management and synchronization. - Key benefits are reduced costs through standardized interfaces, integrated network functionality through overhead bytes, and improved survivability through modularity and ability to seamlessly integrate different signal rates.

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    Standards and Applications of SDH

    Uploaded by

    yogesh_simiff
    59 views18 pages
    - SONET/SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by standardizing network transmission formats and multiplexing structures. - It defines a modular, hierarchical framework including synchronous transport signals like STM-1 and OC-1. Lower rate signals are mapped and multiplexed into higher rate signals with fixed overhead bytes for management and synchronization. - Key benefits are reduced costs through standardized interfaces, integrated network functionality through overhead bytes, and improved survivability through modularity and ability to seamlessly integrate different signal rates.

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    SDH Presentation

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    - SONET/SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by standardizing network transmission formats and multiplexing structures. - It defines a modular, hierarchical framework including synchronous transport signals like STM-1 and OC-1. Lower rate signals are mapped and multiplexed into higher rate signals with fixed overhead bytes for management and synchronization. - Key benefits are reduced costs through standardized interfaces, integrated network functionality through overhead bytes, and improved survivability through modularity and ability to seamlessly integrate different signal rates.

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    59 views18 pages

    Standards and Applications of SDH

    Uploaded by

    yogesh_simiff
    - SONET/SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by standardizing network transmission formats and multiplexing structures. - It defines a modular, hierarchical framework including synchronous transport signals like STM-1 and OC-1. Lower rate signals are mapped and multiplexed into higher rate signals with fixed overhead bytes for management and synchronization. - Key benefits are reduced costs through standardized interfaces, integrated network functionality through overhead bytes, and improved survivability through modularity and ability to seamlessly integrate different signal rates.

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    of 18

    Standards and Applications of SDH

    • Why SONET/SDH?

    • SONET/SDH solution

    • SDH format

    • SDH mapping/multiplexing

    • SDH pointer application


    Why SONET/SDH

    • SONET/SDH’s goal
    simplify interconnection between network operators
    expand the compatibility

    • Imperfection of PDH
    Three different regional digital hierarchies
    Rate & Format conversion induces extra high cost to customers

    • Demanding broadband services


    To the high speed signals, the processing time for performing
    conversion between PDH region is not long enough
    SONET/SDH solution

    • Modularity

    51.84 OC-1

    155.52 OC-3 STM-1 155.52

    622.08 OC-12 STM-4 622.08

    2488.32 OC-48 STM-16 2488.32

    9953.28 OC-192 STM-64 9953.28


    Speed Unit (Mbps)
    SONET/SDH solution

    • Fixed percentage overhead


    DS1 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12
    1.544Mbps 51.84Mbps 155.52Mbps 622.08Mbps
    Mux Mux Mux
    28 3 4

    OH
    • Overhead insertion for PDH signals
    Voice DS1 DS2 DS3
    64Kbps 1.544Mbps 6.312Mbps 44.736Mbps
    Mux Mux Mux
    24 4 7

    OH1 OH2 OH3


    SONET/SDH benefits

    • Reduce costs
    simplified standard interfaces
    eliminate vendor proprietary interfaces

    • Integrated network elements


    enhanced operations capabilities

    • Survivability
    grants upgradability (modularity)

    • No bandwidth bottlenecks
    SDH & PDH

    • PDH and SDH containers


    Digital Rate (Mbps) SDH
    Hierarchy North Japan Europe ISDN Designated
    Level American Signal

    0 0.064 0.064 0.064 - -


    1 1.544 1.544 - H11 C-11
    - - 2.048 H12 C-12
    2 6.312 6.312 - - C-2
    - - 8.448 - -
    3 - 32.064 - - -
    - - 34.368 H31 C-3
    44.736 - - H32 C-3
    4 - 95.728 - - -
    - - 139.264 H4 C-4
    274.176 - - - -
    SDH End-to-End Connection

    SDH
    PDH Regenerators PDH
    section
    REG REG
    PTE MSTE MSTE PTE
    STM-1 STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-1

    Multiplex section

    Path
    SDH Format

    • STM-1 frame

    1 2 9 10 11 270

    1
    RSOH

    4
    P
    AU-n pointers
    O STM-1 PAYLOAD
    H
    MSOH

    9
    C-4
    AU-4 125µs
    VC-4
    Location of SDH overhead bytes

    • RSOH (Regenerator section overhead)

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
    Framing bytes National use
    Trace

    2
    B1 E1 R F1
    Order-
    BIP-8 Media depend. wire MDB Res. User National use
    byte
    3 D1 D2 R D3 R R
    Data Media depend. Data Data Reserved
    com byte com MDB Res. com
    Location of SDH overhead bytes

    • MSOH (Multiplex section overhead)


    5 B2 B2 B2 K1 R R K2 R R

    BIP-24 APS Reserved APS Reserved

    6 D4 R R D5 R R D6 R R
    Data Data Data
    Reserved Reserved Reserved
    com com com

    7 D7 R R D8 R R D9 R R
    Data Data Data
    Reserved Reserved Reserved
    com com com
    D10 R R D11 R R D12 R R
    8
    Data Data Data
    Reserved Reserved Reserved
    com com com

    9 S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
    Order-
    Growth Growth National use
    SSM FEBE wire
    VC-3/VC-4 Path Overhead

    1 2 9 1byte 270
    1 J1 Path trace
    Regenerator
    2 B3 BIP-8
    3
    SOH C2 Signal label
    4 AU-n pointers G1 Path status
    5 F2 User
    6 H4 Multi. frame
    Multiplex
    7 F3 PUC
    8
    SOH K3 Growth
    9 N1 NOB

    125µs
    VC-1/VC-2 Path Overhead

    VC-1/VC-2 POH

    V5 Bit No. Assignments


    125µs 1 BIP-2 B3
    J2 2
    3 FEBE
    250µs 4 RFI G1
    N2 5 L1
    6 L2 Signal Label C2
    375µs 7 L3
    K4 8 RDI G1

    J2 J1
    500µs
    N2 N1

    K4: under study


    STM-1 Mapping Structure

    STM-N
    ×N
    AUG

    ×3
    AU-3 AU-4

    VC-3 VC-4
    ×3
    ×7
    TUG-3
    TUG-2
    ×4 ×3
    TU-11 TU-12 TU-2 TU-3

    VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3

    C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C-4


    44.736 Mbps
    1.544 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 6.312 Mbps 34.368 Mbps 139.264 Mbps
    STM-1 Pointers’ Locations

    • AU-4 pointer
    A1
    VC-4
    H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3

    (E-4 mapping)

    • AU-3 pointer
    A1
    3 VC-3s
    H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

    (DS3 mapping)
    STM-1 Pointers’ Locations

    • TU-3 pointer
    A1 VC-4

    AU-4 pointer H1 H1 H1
    P H2 H2 H2
    O H3 H3 H3
    H (E-3 mapping)

    • TU-2/TU-1 pointer
    (DS1/E1/DS2 mapping)
    A1 VC-4 or VC-3
    V2
    AU-4 pointer P V1

    O (VC-2s, VC-12s or VC-11s) V3

    H
    V4
    Pointer’s Organization

    • (H1, H2) pointer


    H1 H2 H3
    N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

    N: New Data Flag (NDF) I: Increment bit Negative justification


    S: Size bit D: Decrement bit opportunity

    • (TU-1/TU-2) pointer
    V1 V2 V3 V4
    N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

    TU size Pointer action For future


    0 0 TU-2 study
    1 0 TU-12
    1 1 TU-11
    Frequency Justification

    • positive frequency justification

    1 STM-1 Frame No.1 Start of VC-4


    4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
    (H1, H2)=
    9 (0110100000000011)
    1 Frame No. 2
    4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
    (H1, H2)= X at time ts
    9 (0110100000000011)
    1 Frame No. 3
    4 I-bits inverted H3 H3 H3 (4 4 4) J1
    (H1, H2)= 3 stuffed bytes
    9 (0110101010101001)
    1 Frame No. 4
    4 H3 H3 H3 (4 4 4) J1
    (H1, H2)=
    9 (0110100000000100)
    Frequency Justification

    • negative frequency justification

    1 STM-1 Frame No.1 Start of VC-4


    4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
    (H1, H2)=
    9 (0110100000000011)
    1 Frame No. 2
    4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
    (H1, H2)= X at time ts
    9 (0110100000000011)
    1 Frame No. 3
    4 D-bits inverted (2 2 2) J1
    (H1, H2)=
    9 (0110100101010110)
    1 Frame No. 4
    4 H3 H3 H3 (2 2 2) J1
    (H1, H2)=
    9 (0110100000000010)

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