NUTRITIONAL ANEMIAS

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
 BLOOD
• ADULTS – 5L of blood around (4 quarts)
• KIDS – 3L of blood (3 quarts)
• NEWBORN – 250 ml of blood (half a pint)
 BLOOD
Blood is the bodily fluid in which nutrients,
wastes, hormones and other substances are
transported through the body.
PLASMA – liquid portion of blood consists of
proteins, gases, nutrients, hormones, waste
products and other substances dissolved in
water.
 BLOOD CELLS
1. THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)
• initiate blood clotting at sites of vascular
disease.
• Platelets are the tiniest cells in the body one
milliliter blood contain about 250 Million
platelets
2. LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
responsible for protecting the body
from bacteria and other potentially
harmful foreign substances.
Types of WBC
GRANULAR and AGRANULAR
• Monocytes
• lymphocytes
• Neurophil
• Basophil
• Eosinophil
3. ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)
• The largest group of blood cells
• Their main functions are to carry oxygen from
the lungs to the tissues and to carry carbon
dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
• Produce an iron-containing protein called
hemoglobin( gives erythrocytes their red color)
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIAS
 IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• Diet low in iron (1mg of iron is absorbed for
every 10 to 20 mg of iron ingested)
• Body changes (growth spurts)
• Gastrointestinal abnormalities
• Blood loss
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Abnormal paleness or lack of color of the skin
• Irritability
• Lack of energy or fatigue
• Tachycardia
• Dizziness
• Asymptomatic
 IINTERVENTION
• Hematest
• Plan activities and do not tire
• Allay anxiety
• Oral Iron preparation (given after meals,
administer with vitamin C to enhance
absorption)
• Parenteral preparation ( use “Z” tract injection
technique)
 DIETARY MODIFICATION
1. Iron rich diet
• MEAT
• POULTRY
• FISH
• LEAFY GREEN VEGETABLES
• LEGUMES
• YEAST
• IRON-ENRICHED FOODS
 MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
(PERNICIOUS ANEMIA)
• A chronic progressive, macrocystic anemia
caused by B12 deficiency results in defective
cell maturation
• Deficiency in intrinsic factors (necessary for
B12 absorption in small intestine)
• Can result in clients with gastrectomy
Megaloblastic anemia can occur when there is a deficiency of
vitamin B-12.
This picture shows large, dense, oversized, red blood
cells (RBCs) that are seen in megaloblastic anemia.
 SYMPTOMS
• Dizziness
• Inability to sleep
• Palpitation
• Weakness
• Pallor
• GI Symptoms( sore mouth, beefy tongue)
• CNS symptoms (depression, psychosis,
numbness)
 NURSING INTERVENTION
• Provide diet high in iron, protein and vitamin
• Avoid seasoned foods
• Provide safety during ambulation
NUTRITIONAL IN RENAL DISEASES
 FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
• Detoxify harmful substance
• Increase the absorption of calcium by
producing calcitriol (form of vitamin D)
• Produce erythropoietin (hormone that
stimulates RBC )
• Secretes renin ( an enzyme involved in the
control of blood pressure)
 ACUTE/CHRONIC
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
• An inflammatory condition of the capillary
loops of the glomeruli of the nephrones
CHRONIC – occurs when one suffer frm gradual
and usually permanent loss of kidney
functions
ACUTE – develops rapidly over a days or weeks
- develops to a disorder that directly
affects the kidney and often reversible with
complete recovery of kidney disorder
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Swelling of the face
• Blood in the urine
• decrease urine volume
• Blurred vision
• general aches and pain
• Headaches
• Slow, sluggish, lethargic movements
• Drowsiness and confusion
 CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
• Also called chronic kidney disease
• Term used to describe the long term condition of
renal insufficiency
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Increase serum level of potassium and sodium
• Fluid retention
• Imbalances in calcium and phosphate level
• Anemia
• uremia
UREMIA ( END STAGE RENAL DISEASE)
ESRD
• Final stage of renal disease associated with
severe azotemia
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Metallic taste
• Nausea and vomiting
• Intense itching of the skin
• Altered conciousness
 ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
• Occurs when there is a sudden increase in
GFR( glomerular filtration rate)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Oliguria
• Uremia
• azotemia
SYMPTOMS
 INTERVENTION
RENAL FAILURE
• Reduction in protein intake such as
milk( maximum of 16oz daily)
• Fluids are restricted)
CRF Diet Modified
• Low protein diets of 0.6g/Kg body weight with
combination of fiber
• Increase in calcium intake
 INTERVENTION
• Sodium is restricted (2000mg/day)
UREMIA
• Good nursing
• Nutritional support
• Limiting intake of protein can help to control
the level of uremia and prolong life
Laboratory exam (urinalysis)
 TRANSPLANTATION
• Lowering caloric intake but it should still be
high enough to ensure a positive nitrogen
balance, which is important for healing and
maintaining a healthy immune system
CLINICAL PROBLEMS

ALCOHOLISM
EPILEPSY
 ALCOHOLISM
• ALCOHOL is toxic to the body when
consumed in excess and thus impairs the
entire process of digestion, absorption and
metabolism
• Alcoholic tends to develop diarrhea
(malabsoption of sodium and water)
 Chronic alcoholic
• Malnutrition
• Deficiencies of vitamin B1, B6 and folate
• Increase incidence of anemia
• Altered brain function
• night blindness
(vitamin A deficiency)
 INTERVENTION
• For a recovering alcoholic a diet rich in
carbohydrates and protein with
supplementation of vitamin B1 and folate are
advice
• Moderate in take for men is two drinks or less
per day and for women is one drink or less
One drink = 12oz of beer
= 4oz of wine
= 1oz of hard alcohol
 EPILEPSY
• A group of signs and symptoms related to
abnormal electrical activity of the brain
resulting in periodic seizure activity
CAUSES
• Tumor
• Head injury
• Chemical imbalance such as low blood
sugar/sodium
 CAUSES OF EPILEPSY
• Certain toxic chemicals or drug abuse
• Alcohol withdrawal
• Stroke including hemorrhage
Decebrate rigidity
Decorticate rigidity
• Birth injury
 SYMPTOMS
• Generalize seizure (grand mal seizure) all
areas of the brain are involve
• Partial or Focal seizure only part of the
brain is involve
• Petit mal seizure common in childhood
 INTERVENTION
• Depending on the seizure type
different treatment may be prescribe
• Strictly aspiration precaution
• Low carbohydrates diet /KETOGENIC
DIET
Eating solid foods takes practice
Get Started on Fruits and Vegetables,
One at a Time.
Try Finger Foods When Baby's Ready