WHAT IS CORONA EFFECT | PHENOMENON OF CORONA EFFECT

PHENOMENON OF CORONA – for an over head transmission system

atomospheric air behaves practically like a perfect insulator when
potential difference between conductors is small.

If we increase the voltage, there is a corresponding increase in the

electric field intensity.

If air is subjected to a uniform electric field intensity of peak value less

than 30kv/cm, flow current between conductors is negligible.

But when electric field intensity increases and reaches this critical value
of 30kv/cm air ionizes and become conducting.
This breakdown accompanied by following
phenomenon.

1. Hissing noise is produced.

2. A faint pale yellow glow appears which is visible in

the dark.

3. Production of ozone gas.

4. Radio interference occurs.

5. There is a loss of power.

If all these phenomenon occurs then we say corona

produced in a transmission.
What is the corona?

Corona is a luminous, audible discharge that

occurs when there is an excessive localized
electric field gradient upon an object that causes
the ionization and possible electrical breakdown
of the air adjacent to this point.
DC Current Control at rectifier station

• The DC current control - to keep the DC current constant as

long as possible

• The DC current is controlled according to the reference value

• When the actual DC current becomes lower than the ordered

current, the current control increases the PI controller output
resulting in an increase of the rectifier DC voltage (UdRect) in
order to maintain the DC current.

• In case the actual current is too high the PI controller reacts in

opposite direction
HVDC converter

An HVDC converter converts electric power from high voltage

alternating current (AC) to high-voltage direct current (HVDC),
or vice versa.

HVDC is used as an alternative to AC for transmitting electrical

energy over long distances or between AC power systems of
different frequencies.

HVDC converters capable of converting up to two gigawatts

(GW)[2] and with voltage ratings of up to 900 kilovolts (kV)[3]
have been built, and even higher ratings are technically
feasible.

A complete converter station may contain several such

converters in series and/or parallel.
Power Flow Studies Power flow analysis aims at determination of
system parameters like voltage, current,power factor and power
(real and reactive) flow at various points in the electric systemunder
existing conditions of normal operation.

This analysis helps in determining thescope of future expansion of

the system. Power flows studies, commonly referred to asload flow,
are the backbone of power system analysis and design.

They are necessary forplanning, operation, economic scheduling

and exchange of power between utilities.

In ad-dition, power flow analysis is required for many other

analyses such as transient stabilityand contingency studies
Determination of current, voltage, voltage angle, active power,
reactive power etc. atvarious buses in power system operating
under normal steady state or static condition

.2. To plan best operation and control of existing system.

3. To plan future expansion to keep pace with load growth.

4. Help in ascertaining the effect of new load, new generating

stations, new lines
Types of Buses Four variables are associated with each
nodea. Bus voltage magnitude (V )b.

Voltage angle (δ)c. Real power (P)d. Reactive power

(Q)Each node introduces two equations, namely the real
and reactive power balance equa-tions.

To obtain solutions for a set of simultaneous equations, it

is necessary to have thesame number of equations as
unknowns.

Therefore two of the variables associated witheach bus

must be specified