Equipment Design &

Selection
PET-409
Topic 11

Transportation Systems

Amar Sahed,
Petroleum Engineering
Technology
Abu Dhabi Polytechnic

PET-409 0
 Separation Systems

 Introduction
 Pumps:
- Triplex pumps
- Duplex pumps
 Compressors:
- Types of compressors
- Reciprocating compressors
- Centrifugal Compressors

PET-409
1
 Part One

Part One
Introduction

PET-409
2
 1. Introduction

 Crude oil and natural gas are transmitted over short and long distances
mainly through pipelines.

 Pumps and compressors are used for providing pressures required for
the transportation.

 This topic presents principles of pumps and compressors and techniques

that are used for selecting these equipments.

 Pipeline design criteria and fluid flow in pipelines might be discussed (if
time permit).

PET-409
3
 Part Two

Part Two
Pumps

PET-409
4
 2. Pumps
VOLUTE
DIFFUSER
RADIAL FLOW SINGLE STAGE
REGENERATIVETURBINE
VERTICAL TURBINE
CENTRIFUGAL
MIXED FLOW MULTISTAGE
KINETIC SINGLESTAGE
(DYNAMIC) AXIAL FLOW
JET(EDUCTOR / EJECTOR) MULTISTAGE
OTHER
SPECIALACTION SIMPLEX

PUMPS PISTON SINGLE ACTING DUPLEX

PLUNGER DOUBLEACTING TRIPLEX

RECIPROCATING MULTIPLEX

FLUIDOPERATED (AIR/ HYDRAULIC)

POSITIVE DIAPHRAGM
MECHANICALLYOPERATED
DISPLACEMENT
VANE

PISTON
SINGLE ROTOR
FLEXIBLEIMPELLER
SINGLE SCREW

ROTARY LIQUIDRING
SPUR
TIMED
EXTERNAL HELICAL
MULTIPLE ROTOR UNTIMED
GEAR HERRINGBONE
INTERNAL CRESCENT
TIMED
SCREW
UNTIMED
OTHER SPECIALACTION

PET-409
5
 2. Pumps

 Reciprocating piston pumps (also called ‘‘slush pumps’’ or ‘‘power

pumps’’) are widely used for transporting crude oil through pipelines.

 There are two types of piston strokes: the single-action piston stroke
(Figure 1) and the double-action piston stroke (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Single-action stroke in a triplexpump.

PET-409
6
 2. Pumps continue

 The double-action stroke is used for duplex (two pistons) pumps. The
single-action stroke is used for pumps with three or more pistons (e.g.,
triplex pump).

 Normally, duplex pumps can handle higher flow rate and triplex pumps
can provide higher pressure.

PET-409 Figure 2: Double-action stroke in a duplex pump.

7
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Triplex Pumps
The work per stroke for a single piston is expressed as:

The work per one rotation of crank is:

PET-409
8
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Triplex Pumps
Thus, for a triplex pump, the theoretical power is:

(1)

where N is pumping speed in strokes per minute.

The theoretical horsepower is:

(2)
or

(3)

PET-409
9
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Triplex Pumps
The input horsepower needed from the prime mover is:

(4)

where em is the mechanical efficiency of the mechanical system transferring power

from the prime mover to the fluid in the pump. Usually em is taken to be about 0.85.

The theoretical volume output from a triplex pump per revolution is:

(5)

The theoretical output in bbl/day is thus:

(6)

PET-409
10
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Triplex Pumps
If we use inches (i.e., d [in.] and l [in.]), for D and L, then:

(7)

The real output of the pump is dependent on how efficiently the pump can fill
the chambers of the pistons.

Using the volumetric efficiency ev in Eq. 7 gives:

(8)

or
(9)

where ev is usually taken to be 0.88–0.98

PET-409
11
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Triplex Pumps
As the above volumetric equation can be written in d and l, then the
horsepower equation can be written in d, l, and p (psi). Thus:

(10)

Reduces to:

(11)

PET-409
12
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Duplex Pumps
The work per stroke cycle is expressed as:

(12)

The work per one rotation of crank is:

(13)

Thus, for a duplex pump, the theoretical power is:

(14)

PET-409
13
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Duplex Pumps
The theoretical horsepower is:

or

(15)

The input horsepower needed from the prime mover is:

(16)

PET-409
14
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Duplex Pumps
The theoretical volume output from the double-acting duplex pump per
revolution is:

(17)

The theoretical output in gals/min is thus:

(18)

If we use inches (i.e., d [in.] and l [in.]), for D and L, then:

(19)

PET-409
15
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Duplex Pumps
The real output of the pump is:

or
(20)

that is,
(21)

As in the volumetric output, the horsepower equation can also be reduced

to a form with p, d1, d2, and l:

(22)

PET-409
16
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Duplex Pumps
Returning to Eq. (16) for the duplex double-action pump, let us derive a
simplified pump equation. Rewriting Eq. (16), we have:

(23)

The flow rate is:

(24)

So

(25)

PET-409
17
 2. Pumps continue
2.1 Duplex Pumps
The usual form of this equation is in p (psi) and q (gal/min)::

(26)

that is,

(27)

The other form of this equation is in p (psi) and qo (bbl/day) for oil transportation:

(28)

Equations (27) and (28) are valid for any type of pump.

PET-409
18
 2. Pumps continue

Example Problem 1

A pipeline transporting 5,000 bbl/day of oil requires a pump with a minimum

output pressure of 1,000 psi. The available suction pressure is 300 psi.
Select a triplex pump for this operation.

Solution

Assuming a mechanical efficiency of 0.85, the horsepower requirement is:

According to a product sheet of the Oilwell Plunger Pumps, the Model 336-
ST Triplex with forged steel fluid end has a rated brake horsepower of 160
hp at 320 rpm.

PET-409
19
 2. Pumps continue

Solution continues

 According to a product sheet of the Oilwell Plunger Pumps, the Model

336-ST Triplex with forged steel fluid end has a rated brake
horsepower of 160 hp at 320 rpm.
 The maximum working pressure is 3,180 psi with the minimum plunger
(piston) size of 13⁄4 in.
 It requires a suction pressure of 275 psi. With 3-in. plungers, the pump
displacement is 0.5508 gal/rpm, and it can deliver liquid flow rates in
the range of 1,889 bbl/day (55.08 gpm) at 100 rpm to 6,046 bbl/day
(176.26 gpm) at 320 rpm, allowing a maximum pressure of 1,420 psi.
 This pump can be selected for the operation.
 The required operating rpm is:
1 barrel = 42 US gallons

http://www.fluidsystems.net/pumps-national-oilwell-varco.php

PET-409
20
 Part Three

Part Three
Compressors

PET-409
21
 3. Compressors

 When natural gas does not have sufficient potential energy to flow, a
compressor station is needed.
 Five types of compressor stations are generally used in the natural gas
production industry:
1. Field gas-gathering stations to gather gas from wells in which
pressure is insufficient to produce at a desired rate of flow into a
transmission or distribution system (suction process)
2. Relay or main-line stations to boost pressure in transmission lines
compress generally large volumes of gas at a pressure range
between 200 and 1,300 psig.
3. Re-pressuring or recycling stations to provide gas pressures as
high as 6,000 psig for processing or secondary oil recovery
projects.
4. Storage field stations to compress trunk line gas for injection into
storage wells at pressures up to 4,000 psig.
5. Distribution plant stations to pump gas from holder supply to
medium- or high-pressure distribution lines at about 20–100 psig,
or pump into bottle storage upto 2,500 psig.

PET-409
22
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors
 The compressors used in today’s natural gas production industry fall
into two distinct types: reciprocating and rotary compressors.
 Reciprocating compressors are most commonly used in the natural gas
industry. They are built for practically all pressures and volumetric
capacities.
 As shown in Fig. 3, reciprocating compressors have more moving parts
and, therefore, lower mechanical efficiencies than rotary compressors.
 Each cylinder assembly of a reciprocation compressor consists of a
piston, cylinder, cylinder heads, suction and discharge valves, and
other parts necessary to convert rotary motion to reciprocation motion.
 A reciprocating compressor is designed for a certain range of
compression ratios through the selection of proper piston displacement
and clearance volume within the cylinder. This clearance volume can
be either fixed or variable, depending on the extent of the operation
range and the percent of load variation desired.
 A typical reciprocating compressor can deliver a volumetric gas flow
rate up to 30,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm) at a discharge pressure
up to 10,000 psig.

PET-409
23
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors

Figure 3: Elements of a typical reciprocating compressor (courtesy of Petroleum Extension Services).

PET-409
24
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors
 Rotary compressors are divided into two classes: the centrifugal
compressor and the rotary blower.
 A centrifugal compressor (Fig. 4) consists of a housing with flow
passages, a rotating shaft on which the impeller is mounted, bearings,
and seals to prevent gas from escaping along the shaft.
 Centrifugal compressors have few moving parts because only the
impeller and shaft rotate. Thus, its efficiency is high and lubrication oil
consumption and maintenance costs are low.
 Cooling water is normally unnecessary because of lower compression
ratio and lower friction loss.
 Compression rates of centrifugal compressors are lower because of the
absence of positive displacement.
 Centrifugal compressors compress gas using centrifugal force.
 In this type of compressor, work is done on the gas by an impeller.
 Gas is then discharged at a high velocity into a diffuser where the
velocity is reduced and its kinetic energy is converted to static
pressure.
 Unlike reciprocating compressors, all this is done without confinement
and physical squeezing.
PET-409
25
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors

Figure 4: Cross-section of a centrifugal compressor (courtesy of Petroleum ExtensionServices).

PET-409
26
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors
 Centrifugal compressors with relatively unrestricted passages and
continuous flow are inherently high-capacity, low-pressure ratio
machines that adapt easily to series arrangements within a station.
 In this way, each compressor is required to develop only part of the
station compression ratio.
 Typically, the volume is more than 100,000 cfm and discharge pressure
is up to 100 psig.

 A rotary blower is built of a casing in which one or more impellers rotate

in opposite directions. Rotary blowers are primarily used in distribution
systems where the pressure differential between suction and discharge
is less than15 psi.

 The rotary blower has several advantages: large quantities of low-

pressure gas can be handled at comparatively low horsepower, it has
small initial cost and low maintenance cost, it is simple to install and
easy to operate and attend, it requires minimum floor space for the
quantity of gas removed, and it has almost pulsation-less flow.

PET-409
27
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors
 As its disadvantages, it cannot withstand high pressures, it has noisy
operation because of gear noise and clattering impellers, it improperly
seals the clearance between the impellers and the casing, and it
overheats if operated above safe pressures.

 Typically, rotary blowers deliver a volumetric gas flow rate of up to

17,000 cfm and have a maximum intake pressure of 10 psig and a
differential pressure of 10 psi.

PET-409
28
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors

Compressor Selection

 When selecting a compressor, the pressure–volume characteristics and

the type of driver must be considered.

 Small rotary compressors (vane or impeller type) are generally driven

by electric motors.

 Large-volume positive compressors operate at lower speeds and are

usually driven by steam or gas engines. They may be driven through
reduction gearing by steam turbines or an electric motor.

 Reciprocation compressors driven by steam turbines or electric motors

are most widely used in the natural gas industry as the conventional
high-speed compression machine.

 Selection of compressors requires considerations of: volumetric gas

deliverability, pressure, compression ratio, and horsepower.

PET-409
29
 3. Compressors Continue
3.1. Types of Compressors

The following are important characteristics of the two types of

compressors:

 Reciprocating piston compressors can adjust pressure output to

backpressure.
 Reciprocating compressors can vary their volumetric flow-rate output
(within certain limits).
 Reciprocating compressors have a volumetric efficiency, which is
related to the relative clearance volume of the compressor design.
 Rotary compressors have a fixed pressure ratio, so they have a
constant pressure output.
 Rotary compressors can vary their volumetric flow-rate output (within
certain limits).

PET-409
30
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

 Figure 5 shows a diagram volume relation during gas compression.

Figure 5: Basic pressure-volume diagram

PET-409
31
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

 The shaft work put into the gas is expressed as:

(29)

Note that the mechanical kinetic energy term V2/2g is in ft.(lb/lb) to

get ft-lbs per lb.

PET-409
32
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

Rewriting Eq. (29), we can get:

(30)

An isentropic process (entropy remains constant) is usually

assumed for reciprocating compression, that is,

Where:

Because

the right-hand side of Eq. (30) is formulated as

PET-409
33
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

The right-hand side of Eq. (30) is formulated as:

(31)

PET-409
34
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

Using ideal gas law:

(32)

(33)

(34)

PET-409
35
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

or

(35)

Substituting Eqs. (35) and (34) into Eq. (31) gives:

(36)

We multiply Eq. (33) by , which gives

PET-409
36
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

Thus,

(37)

Also we can rise to the power. This is

or

(38)

Substituting Eq. (38) into (37) gives:

(39)
PET-409
37
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

or

(39)

Thus, Eq. (39) can be written as:

(40)

Thus, Eq. (40) is written:

(41)

Substituting Eq. (41) into (36) gives:

PET-409
38
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

(42)

Therefore, our original expression, Eq. (30), can be written as:

or
(43)

PET-409
39
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
And because

(44)

and
(45)

Eq. (43) becomes:

(46)

But rearranging Eq. (46) gives:

Substituting Eq. (41) and (44) into the above gives:

PET-409
40
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Substituting Eq. (41) and (44) into the above gives:

(47)

Neglecting the kinetic energy term, we arrive at:

(48)

where Ws is ft-lb/lb, that is, work done per lb.

It is convenient to obtain an expression for power under conditions of
steady state gas flow. Substituting Eq. (44) into (48) yields:

(49)

PET-409
41
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
If we multiply both sides of Eq. (49) by the weight rate of flow, wt (lb/sec),
through the system, we get:

(50)

where and is shaft power. However, the term wt is:

(51)

where Q1 (ft3/sec) is the volumetric flow rate into the compressor and Q2
(ft3/sec) would be the compressed volumetric flow rate out of the
compressor. Substituting Eq. (32) and (51) into (50) yields:

(52)

If we use more conventional field terms

PET-409
42
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
If we use more conventional field terms such as:

and

and knowing that 1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb/sec, then Eq. (52) becomes:

which yields

(53)

PET-409
43
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
If the gas flow rate is given in QMM (MMscf/day) in a standard base condition
at base pressure pb (e.g., 14.7 psia) and base temperature Tb (e.g., 520 oR),
since:

(54)

Eq. (53) becomes:

(55)

It will be shown later that the efficiency of compression drops with increased
compression ratio p2 / p1.

PET-409
44
PET-409
45
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors

 Most field applications require multistage compressors (two, three, and

sometimes four stages) to reduce compression ratio in each stage.

 Figure 6 shows a two-stage compression unit.

 Using compressor stages with perfect intercooling between stages gives

a theoretical minimum power for gas compression.

 To obtain the minimum power:

 the compression ratio in each stage must be the same and
 the cooling between each stage must bring the gas entering each stage to the
same temperature.

PET-409
46
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

Figure 6: Flow diagram of a two-stage compression unit.

PET-409
47
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors
The compression ratio in each stage should be less than six to increase
compression efficiency. The equation to calculate stage-compression ratio is

(56)

where Pdis, Pin, and ns are final discharge pressure, inlet

pressure, and number of stages, respectively.
For a two-stage compression (ns =2), the compression ratio for each stage
should be

(57)

Using Eq. (50), we can write the total power requirement for the two-stage
compressor as (see next slide):

PET-409
48
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors

Using Eq. (50), we can write the total power requirement for the two-stage
compressor as (see next slide):

(58)

The ideal intercooler will cool the gas flow stage one to stage two to the
temperature entering the compressor.
Thus, we have Tin1 = Tin2. Also, the pressure Pin2 = Pdis1. Equation (58) may
be written as:

(59)

PET-409
49
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors

We can find the value of Pdis1 that will minimize the power required, Ptotal .

We take the derivative of Eq. (59) with respect to Pdis1 and set this equal to
zero and solve for Pdis1 . This gives:

(57)

which proves Eq. (57).

For the two-stage compressor, Eq. (59) can be rewritten as:

(60)

PET-409
50
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors

The ideal intercooling does not extend to the gas exiting the compressor.
Gas exiting the compressor is governed by Eq. (41).

Usually there is an adjustable after-cooler on a compressor that allows the

operators to control the temperature of the exiting flow of gas. For greater
number of stages, Eq. (60) can be written in field units as:

(61)

or

(62)

PET-409
51
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors

In the above (Eqs 61 & 62), p1 (psia) is the intake pressure of the gas and p2
(psia) is the outlet pressure of the compressor after the final stage, q1 is the
actual cfm of gas into the compressor, HPt is the theoretical horsepower
needed to compress the gas.

Note: This HPt value has to be matched with a prime mover motor.

The proceeding equations have been coded in the spreadsheet

ReciprocatingCompressorPower.xls for quick calculations.
Reciprocating compressors have a clearance at the end of the piston.

This clearance produces a volumetric efficiency ev. The relation is given by:

(63)

PET-409
52
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors

 In addition, there is a mechanical efficiency em of the compressor and its

prime mover.
 This results in two separate expressions for calculating the required HPt
for reciprocating compressors and rotary compressors.
 The required minimum input prime mover motor to practically operate the
compressor (either reciprocating or rotary) is:

(64)

Equation (64) stands for the input power required by the compressor,
which is the minimum power to be provided by the prime mover.

PET-409
53
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Multistage compressors

The prime movers usually have fixed power HPp under normal operating
conditions. The usable prime mover power ratio is:

(65)

 If the prime mover is not fully loaded by the compressor, its rotary
speed increases and fuel consumption thus increases.

 Figure 7 shows fuel consumption curves for prime movers using

gasoline, propane/butane, and diesel as fuel.
 Figure 8 presents fuel consumption curve for prime movers using
natural gas as fuel.
 It is also important to know that the prime mover power drops with
surface location elevation (Fig. 9).

PET-409
54
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

0.56

0.54
71.8

63.4

PET-409 Figure 7: Fuel consumption of prime movers using three types of fuel.
55
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

PET-409 Figure 8: Fuel consumption of prime movers using natural gas as fuel.
56
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors

22%

6000 ft

PET-409 Figure 9: Effect of elevation on prime mover power.

57
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Example Problem 2

Solution

1. Operating at sea level:

PET-409
58
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Solution continues

Required theoretical power to compress the gas:

PET-409
59
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Solution continues

Required input power to the compressor:

Since the available power from the prime mover is 300 hp, which is greater
than HPr, the prime mover is okay. The power ratio is

PET-409
60
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Solution continues

From Fig. 7 , fuel usage is approximately 0.56 lb/hp-hr.

The weight of fuel requirement is, therefore:

HPr
The volumetric fuel requirement is:

PET-409
61
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Solution continues

2. Operating at 6,000 ft,

the atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 6,000 is about 11.8 psia (Lyons

et al., 2001). Figure 9 shows a power reduction of 22%.

PET-409
62
 3. Compressors Continue
3.2. Reciprocating Compressors
Solution continues

Figure 7 shows that a fuel usage of 0.54 lb/hp-hr at 71.8% power

ratio. Thus,

PET-409
63
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors
Although the adiabatic compression process can be assumed in centrifugal
compression, polytropic compression process is commonly considered as the
basis for comparing centrifugal compressor performance. The process is
expressed as:
(66)

where n denotes the polytropic exponent.

The isentropic exponent k applies to the ideal frictionless adiabatic process,

while the polytropic exponent n applies to the actual process with heat transfer
and friction.

The n is related to k through polytropic efficiency Ep:

(67)

PET-409
64
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors
The polytropic efficiency of centrifugal compressors is nearly proportional to the
logarithm of gas flow rate in the range of efficiency between 0.7 and 0.75.

The polytropic efficiency chart presented by Rollins (1973) can be represented

by the following correlation:

(68)

where q1 = gas capacity at the inlet condition, cfm.

There is a lower limit of gas flow rate, below which severe gas surge occurs in
the compressor. This limit is called ‘‘surge limit.’’

The upper limit of gas flow rate is called ‘‘stone-wall limit,’’ which is controlled by
compressor horsepower.

PET-409
65
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors
The procedure of preliminary calculations for selection of centrifugal
compressors is summarized as follows:

1. Calculate compression ratio based on the inlet and discharge pressures:

(69)

2. Based on the required gas flow rate under standard condition (q), estimate
the gas capacity at inlet condition (q1) by ideal gas law:

(70)

3. Find a value for the polytropic efficiency Ep from the manufacturer’s manual
based on q1.

PET-409
66
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors
4. Calculate polytropic ratio (n-1)/n using Eq. (67):

(71)

5. Calculate discharge temperature by

(72)

6. Estimate gas compressibility factor values at inlet and discharge conditions.

7. Calculate gas capacity at the inlet condition (q1) by real gas law:

(73)

PET-409
67
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors
8. Repeat Steps 2–7 until the value of q1 converges within an acceptable
deviation.

9. Calculate gas horsepower by

(74)

Some manufacturers present compressor specifications using polytropic

head in lbf –ft/lbm defined as:

(75)

where R is the gas constant given by 1,544/MWa in psia-ft3/lbm-oR.

The polytropic head relates to the gas horsepower by:
(76)

PET-409
where mt is mass flow rate in lbm/min.
68
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors
10. Calculate gas horsepower by:

(77)

The proceeding equations have been coded in the spreadsheet

CentrifugalCompressorPower.xls for quick calculations.

PET-409
69
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors
Example Problem 3

Size a centrifugal compressor for the following given data:

Solution

Calculate gas flow rate in scfm:

PET-409
70
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors

Solution continues

Calculate gas flow rate in scfm:

Based on the required gas flow rate under standard condition (q), estimate the
gas capacity at inlet condition (q1) by ideal gas law:

Find a value for the polytropic efficiency based on q1:

Calculate polytropic ratio (n–1)/n:

PET-409
71
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors

Solution continues

Calculate discharge temperature:

Estimate gas compressibility factor values at inlet and discharge conditions

(spreadsheet program Hall-Yaborough-z.xls can be used):

Calculate gas capacity at the inlet condition (q1) by real gas law:

PET-409
72
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors

Solution continues

Use the new value of q1 to calculate Ep:

Calculate the new polytropic ratio (n–1)/n:

Calculate the new discharge temperature:

Estimate the new gas compressibility factor value:

PET-409 Because z2 did not change, q1 remains the same value of 7,977 cfm.
73
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors

Solution continues
Calculate gas horsepower:

Calculate gas apparent molecular weight:

Molecular weight of air, Ma, is 28.967
Gas specific gravity is 0.68

Calculated gas constant:

PET-409
74
 3. Compressors Continue
3.3. Centrifugal Compressors

Solution continues
Calculate polytropic head:

Calculate gas horsepower requirement:

PET-409
75
 Summary

 This topic described oil and gas transportation systems.

 The procedure for selection of pumps and gas compressors were
presented and demonstrated.

PET-409
76
 HW 8
No submission required
Q1

Q2 For a centrifugal compressor, use the following data to calculate required input
horsepower and polytropic head

7
PET-409 7
 ?
PET-409