GA

GENETIC ALGORITHM
(Inspired by biological evolution)

BY R.IMMANUAL
1801RM04
GENETIC ALGORITHM
•Based on “survival of the fittest.

•• Start with “population of points.

•• Retain better points •

•Uses concepts of “Natural Selection” and

“Genetic Inheritance” (Darwin 1859)
•A class of probabilistic optimization algorithms

•A class of Evolutionary Algorithm

•A Global Search Optimization Technique

•Originally developed by John Holland (1975)

GENETIC ALGORITHM
REPRESENTATION

INITIALIZATION

EVALUATION

SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTION

CROSS OVER

MUTATION

REPLACEMENT

STOPPING CRETERIA KEY ELEMENTS

GENE – A single variable (Depth of cut)

BINARY CODED (10011) REAL CODED (0.62/12.2)

CHROMOSOME – A set of Variables (Speed, Feed and D)

FITNESS VALUE – Objective value (MRR, Surface Roughness)

MRR=1.23S + 2.56F – 1.2D + 0.8SF – 1.6FD + 7.8SD

REPRESENTATION
COMBINATION OF SET OF VARIABLES S min  S i  S max
Fmin  Fi  Fmax
NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS Dmin  Di  max

Cno. S F D
1 S1 F1 D1
2 S2 F2 D2
3 S3 F3 D3
4 S4 F4 D4
5 S5 F5 D5
6 S6 F6 D6
7 S7 F7 D7
8 S8 F8 D8 INITIALIZATION
Converting/Using values of the variables in the objective
function and determining the objective value(s) with or without
constraint(s).
MRR=1.23S + 2.56F – 1.2D + 0.8SF – 1.6FD + 7.8SD
Cno. S F D Fitness
F  Fmin  rand () * ( Fmax  Fmin )
1 S1 F1 D1 MRR1
2 S2 F2 D2 MRR2
3 S3 F3 D3 MRR3
4 S4 F4 D4 MRR4
5 S5 F5 D5 MRR5
6 S6 F6 D6 MRR6
7 S7 F7 D7 MRR7
8 S8 F8 D8 MRR8 EVALUATION
SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTION

Roulette Wheel Selection

Tournament Selection
 NF MRR
1 P  1
 0.05 * MRR P 
1 1 N 1 N i
NF  E
1  NF  MRR
i
CP 
i
 Pj
i i 1 j 1
i 1

Cno. S F D Fitness P CP
1 S1 F1 D1 MRR1 P1 P1
2 S2 F2 D2 MRR2 P2 P1+P2
3 S3 F3 D3 MRR3 P3 P1+P2+P3
4 S4 F4 D4 MRR4 P4
5 S5 F5 D5 MRR5 P5
6 S6 F6 D6 MRR6 P6
7 S7 F7 D7 MRR7 P7
8 S8 F8 D8 MRR8 P8 ∑P
SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTION
 Roulette Wheel
Cno. CP Rno. Scno.
1 2
1 0.1 0.42 3 8 3
2 0.23 0.52 4 1 0.1 0.23

3 0.45 0.09 1 4
0.45
4 0.62 0.63 5
7
5 0.76 0.43 3
5 0.62
6 0.81 0.75 5
6 0.95
7 0.95 0.9 7
0.76
8 1 0.7 5
Cno. 0.81
CP

SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTION

 INITIALIZATION
Cno. S F D
Cno. SCno S F D
1 S1 F1 D1
1' 3 S3 F3 D3
2 S2 F2 D2
2' 4 S4 F4 D4
3 S3 F3 D3
3' 1 S1 F1 D1
4 S4 F4 D4 4' 5 S5 F5 D5
5 S5 F5 D5 5' 3 S3 F3 D3
6 S6 F6 D6 6' 5 S5 F5 D5
7 S7 F7 D7 7' 7 S7 F7 D7
8 S8 F8 D8 8' 5 S5 F5 D5

SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTION

Tournament Selection
• Select two individuals at random. The individual with the
highest fitness value becomes the parent. Repeat to find a
second parent.

Cno. S F D Fitness
2 S2 F2 D2 MRR2
5 S5 F5 D5 MRR5
• Select few individuals (size may be varied) from the
population and select the best one.

Cno. S F D Fitness
1 S1 F1 D1 MRR1
4 S4 F4 D4 MRR4
5 S5 F5 D5 MRR5
7 S7 F7 D7 MRR7
8 S8 F8 D8 MRR8
• Select a pair of individuals at random. Generate a random number, R,
between 0 and 1. If R < r use the first individual as a parent. If the R >= r
then use the second individual as the parent. This is repeated to select
the second parent. The value of r is a parameter to this method.

Cno. S F D Set r=0.52

2 S2 F2 D2
R1=0.79
7 S7 F7 D7 Since R>=r, select 2nd one

Cno. S F D
1 S1 F1 D1 R2=0.31
5 S5 F5 D5
CROSS OVER

SELECTION OF PARENTS
CROSS OVER PROBABILITY (0.45) – 0.35 TO 0.6

CROSS OVER PROCESS

SINGLE POINT CROSS OVER

TWO POINT CROSS OVER

EQUAL PROBABILITYCROSS OVER

THREE PARENTS CROSS OVER

SINGLE POINT CROSS OVER TWO POINT CROSS OVER

EQUAL PROBABILITYCROSS OVER

P1 1 0 1 1 0 1
P2 1 1 1 0 1 1
P3 0 1 0 1 1 0
O 1 1 1 1 1 1
THREE PARENTS CROSS OVER
 CROSS OVER PROBABILITY (0.45) – 0.35 TO 0.6

CROSS OVER PROCESS – SINGLE CUTTING POINT

Cno. SCno S F D Rno. Y/N CPt S F D
1' 3 S3 F3 D3 0.43 Y 1 F3 D3 S3
2' 4 S4 F4 D4 0.52 S4 F4 D4
3' 1 S1 F1 D1 0.6 S1 F1 D1
4' 5 S5 F5 D5 0.72 S5 F5 D5
5' 3 S3 F3 D3 0.32 Y 2 D3 S3 F3
6' 5 S5 F5 D5 0.57 S5 F5 D5
7' 7 S7 F7 D7 0.82 S7 F7 D7
8' 5 S5 F5 D5 0.48 S5 F5 D5
CPt – Cutting point, a random No. within no. of variablesCROSS OVER
INITIALIZATION
SELECTION FOR
Cno. S F D REPRODUCTION
1 S1 F1 D1
Cno. S F D
2 S2 F2 D2 CROSS OVER
1' S3 F3 D3
3 S3 F3 D3
2' S4 F4 D4
4 S4 F4 D4 Cno. S F D
3' S1 F1 D1
5 S5 F5 D5 1'' F3 D3 S3
4' S5 F5 D5
6 S6 F6 D6 2'' S4 F4 D4
5' S3 F3 D3
7 S7 F7 D7
6' S5 F5 D5 3'' S1 F1 D1
8 S8 F8 D8
7' S7 F7 D7 4'' S5 F5 D5
8' S5 F5 D5
5'' D3 S3 F3
6'' S5 F5 D5
7'' S7 F7 D7
8'' S5 F5 D5
MUTATION PROBABILITY (0.025) – 0.02 TO 0.05
TO AVOID LOCAL MINIMUM
Cno. S F D RnoS RnoF RnoD S F D
1'' F3 D3 S3 0.92 0.92 0.52 F3 D3 S3
2'' S4 F4 D4 0.04 0.02 0.49 S4 D4 F4
3'' S1 F1 D1 0.46 0.86 0.8 S1 F1 D1
4'' S5 F5 D5 0.58 0.1 0.64 S5 F5 D5
5'' D3 S3 F3 0.95 0.47 0.94 D3 S3 F3
6'' S5 F5 D5 0.71 0.11 0.97 S5 F5 D5
7'' S7 F7 D7 0.7 0.04 0.02 D7 F7 S7
8'' S5 F5 D5 0.01 0.1 0.24 F5 S5 D5
MUTATION
INITIALIZATION SELECTION FOR
Cno. S F D REPRODUCTION
1 S1 F1 D1 Cno. S F D
2 S2 F2 D2 CROSS OVER
1' S3 F3 D3
3 S3 F3 D3 MUTATION
2' S4 F4 D4
4 S4 F4 D4 Cno S F D
3' S1 F1 D1
5 S5 F5 D5 1'' F3 D3 S3 Cno. S F D
4' S5 F5 D5 2'' S4 F4 D4
6 S6 F6 D6 1''' F3 D3 S3
7 S7 F7 D7 5' S3 F3 D3 3'' S1 F1 D1
4'' S5 F5 D5 2''' S4 D4 F4
8 S8 F8 D8 6' S5 F5 D5
7' S7 F7 D7 5'' D3 S3 F3 3''' S1 F1 D1
6'' S5 F5 D5 4''' S5 F5 D5
8' S5 F5 D5
7'' S7 F7 D7
8'' S5 F5 D5 5''' D3 S3 F3
6''' S5 F5 D5
7''' D7 F7 S7
8''' F5 S5 D5
Cno. S F D INITIALIZATION
1''' F3 D3 S3 Cno. S F D
2''' S4 D4 F4 1 S1 F1 D1
3''' S1 F1 D1 2 S2 F2 D2
4''' S5 F5 D5 3 S3 F3 D3
5''' D3 S3 F3 4 S4 F4 D4
6''' S5 F5 D5 5 S5 F5 D5
7''' D7 F7 S7 6 S6 F6 D6
8''' F5 S5 D5 7 S7 F7 D7
8 S8 F8 D8
REPLACEMENT
REACHED SPECIFIED NO. OF ITERATION

REACHED SPECIFIED VALUE

NO CHANGE FOR A SPECIFIED NO. OF ITERATATION

STOPPING CRETERIA
 READ DATA
GA Flow Chart
INITIALIZATION

EVALUATION

SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTION

NO
CROSS OVER
CHECK STOPPING
CRITERIA
MUTATION
YES

REPLACEMENT STOP
WORKED OUT EXAMPLE
 P Lower Upper
Initialization -----------------------------------------------------------------
C.No. rIEG rV rEC IEG 0.1000 0.5000

1 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 V 10.0000 30.0000

2 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177 EC 100.0000 220.0000
3 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 -----------------------------------------------------------------
Converting
INPUT DATA into Parameter
4 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 C.No. IEG V EC
5 0.54764 0.395499 0.912915 1 0.233868 19.46682 182.0963
2 0.113779 17.23737 166.8612
6 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514
3 0.490851 26.60646 133.803
7 0.046315 0.72837 0.513822 4 0.359003 17.43314 137.2622
8 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876 5 0.319056 17.90998 209.5498
9 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963 6 0.278021 17.94089 203.6217
7 0.118526 24.56741 161.6586
10 0.354291 0.941002 0.803746
8 0.249285 24.203 195.2652
F  Fmin  rand () * ( Fmax  Fmin )
9 0.465576 18.36353 173.6756
IEG  0.1  0.33467 * (0.5  0.1) 10 0.241717 28.82004 196.4496
MRR=1.23*IEG + 2.56*V – 1.2*EC + 0.8*IEG*V – 1.6*V*EC

C.No. IEG V EC MRR

1 0.233868 19.46682 182.0963 0.53612
2 0.113779 17.23737 166.8612 0.482274
3 0.490851 26.60646 133.803 0.637578
4 0.359003 17.43314 137.2622 0.578454
5 0.319056 17.90998 209.5498 0.496634
6 0.278021 17.94089 203.6217 0.473682
7 0.118526 24.56741 161.6586 0.655115
8 0.249285 24.203 195.2652 0.68376
9 0.465576 18.36353 173.6756 0.606429
10 0.241717 28.82004 196.4496 0.83878

Evaluation of Single Objective Function

 Sno. IEG V EC MRR Ra NMRR NRa D
1 0.331592 16.95832 165.9521 0.534623 2.725986 0 0.552095 0
2 0.317855 24.87517 166.5121 0.706944 3.418191 0.892731 0.237854 0.21234
3 0.458965 17.78338 205.5591 0.608768 3.111564 0.384116 0.377054 0.144833
4 0.171566 23.27116 158.3817 0.642577 2.622797 0.559272 0.59894 0.33497
5 0.124029 11.34405 134.3082 0.569997 1.739349 0.183258 1 0.183258
6 0.209973 12.90166 109.0042 0.690657 2.270136 0.808357 0.759038 0.613574
7 0.414243 21.15704 173.2139 0.658007 3.267327 0.639206 0.306342 0.195815
8 0.372224 18.51024 100.3243 0.598635 3.066389 0.331621 0.397562 0.13184
9 0.259611 29.27401 142.0528 0.727649 3.942132 1 0 0
10 0.264997 23.77739 203.6173 0.682689 3.330663 0.767079 0.277589 0.212933
MRR  1.23* IEG  2.56 * V – 1.2 * EC  0.8* IEG * V – 1.6 * V * EC
Di  NMRRi * NRai
Ra  0.31* IEG  1.87 * V  4.7 * EC  7.8 * IEG * V  0.46 * IEG * EC
X i  X min X max  X i Select the best one and
(max)N i  (min)N i  store
X max  X min X max  X min
MRR Ra EVALUATION (MO)
 NF
P  1
 0.05 * MRR 1 N
NF  E 1 i
1  NF
i CP   Pj
i 1 i j 1

C.No. rIEG rV rEC MRR NF P CP

1 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 0.53612 0.764862 0.103044 0.103044
2 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177 0.482274 0.785734 0.105856 0.208899
3 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 0.637578 0.727029 0.097947 0.306846
4 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.578454 0.748842 0.100885 0.407731
5 0.54764 0.395499 0.912915 0.496634 0.780113 0.105098 0.51283
6 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514 0.473682 0.789117 0.106311 0.619141
7 0.046315 0.72837 0.513822 0.655115 0.720682 0.097092 0.716232
8 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876 0.68376 0.710433 0.095711 0.811943
9 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963 0.606429 0.738441 0.099484 0.911427
10 0.354291 0.941002 0.803746 0.83878 0.657448 0.088573 1

Selection for Reproduction

 NF
P  1
 0.05 * D 1 N
NF  E 1 i
1  NF
i CP   Pj
i 1 i j 1

C.No. rIEG rV rEC D NF P CP

1 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 0 0.764862 0.103044 0.103044
2 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177 0.21234 0.785734 0.105856 0.208899
3 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 0.144833 0.727029 0.097947 0.306846
4 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.33497 0.748842 0.100885 0.407731
5 0.54764 0.395499 0.912915 0.183258 0.780113 0.105098 0.51283
6 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514 0.613574 0.789117 0.106311 0.619141
7 0.046315 0.72837 0.513822 0.195815 0.720682 0.097092 0.716232
8 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876 0.13184 0.710433 0.095711 0.811943
9 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963 0 0.738441 0.099484 0.911427
10 0.354291 0.941002 0.803746 0.212933 0.657448 0.088573 1

Selection for Reproduction (MO)

C.No. rIEG rV rEC CP Rno. SCNo.
1 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 0.103044 0.259469 3
2 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177 0.208899 0.170341 2
3 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 0.306846 0.827486 9
4 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.407731 0.318128 4
5 0.54764 0.395499 0.912915 0.51283 0.325719 4
6 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514 0.619141 0.335439 4
7 0.046315 0.72837 0.513822 0.716232 0.515006 6
8 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876 0.811943 0.278281 3
9 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963 0.911427 0.057069 1
10 0.354291 0.941002 0.803746 1 0.778273 8
C.No. IEG V EC
1' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
2' 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177
3' 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963
4' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
5' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
6' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
7' 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514
8' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
9' 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 Selection for Reproduction
10' 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876
C.No. rIEG rV rEC Rno Y/N C rIEG rV rEC
1' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 0.584943 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
2' 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177 0.519863 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177
3' 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963 0.783459 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963
4' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.541884 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
5' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.041558 Y 1 0.371657 0.310518 0.647509
6' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.518104 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
7' 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514 0.121967 Y 2 0.863514 0.445052 0.397045
8' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 0.621749 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
9' 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 0.504811 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136
10' 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876 0.343233 Y 3 0.793876 0.71015 0.373211

Cross Over Probability = 0.45

Cross Over
C.No. rIEG rV rEC R1 R2 R3 rIEG rV rEC
1'' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 0.822353 0.0123 0.381747 0.977127 0.281691 0.830323
2'' 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177 0.196511 0.291012 0.018894 0.557177 0.361869 0.034446
3'' 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963 0.002404 0.656258 0.625908 0.418177 0.91394 0.623963
4'' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.397685 0.837306 0.36135 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
5'' 0.371657 0.310518 0.647509 0.265454 0.4025 0.244975 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
6'' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 0.997385 0.323678 0.652225 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
7'' 0.863514 0.445052 0.397045 0.644234 0.15854 0.243246 0.863514 0.445052 0.397045
8'' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 0.643051 0.775849 0.551875 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
9'' 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 0.084162 0.81658 0.235838 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136
10'' 0.793876 0.71015 0.373211 0.821971 0.856659 0.349069 0.793876 0.373211 0.71015

Mutation Probability = 0.02

Mutation
C.No. rIEG rV rEC
1''' 0.977127 0.281691 0.830323 C.No. rIEG rV rEC
2''' 0.557177 0.361869 0.034446 1 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136
3''' 0.418177 0.91394 0.613963 2 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177
4''' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
3 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
5''' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
4 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
6''' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
5 0.54764 0.395499 0.912915
7''' 0.863514 0.445052 0.397045
6 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514
8''' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
7 0.046315 0.72837 0.513822
9''' 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136
8 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876
10''' 0.793876 0.373211 0.71015
9 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963
10 0.354291 0.941002 0.803746
Replacement
C.No. rIEG rV rEC C.No. IEG V EC
1 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136
Selection for 1' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
2 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177 Reproduction 2' 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177
3 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 3' 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963
4 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 4' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
5 0.54764 0.395499 0.912915 5' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
6 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514 6' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
7 0.046315 0.72837 0.513822 7' 0.445052 0.397045 0.863514
8 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876 8' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
9 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963 9' 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136
10 0.354291 0.941002 0.803746 Cross Over 10' 0.373211 0.71015 0.793876

Initialization C.No. rIEG rV rEC

C.No. rIEG rV rEC

1''' 0.977127 0.281691 0.830323 1'' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691

2''' 0.557177 0.361869 0.034446 2'' 0.034446 0.361869 0.557177
3''' 0.418177 0.91394 0.613963 3'' 0.91394 0.418177 0.613963
4''' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 4'' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
5''' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 5'' 0.371657 0.310518 0.647509
6''' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518 6'' 0.647509 0.371657 0.310518
7''' 0.863514 0.445052 0.397045 7'' 0.863514 0.445052 0.397045
8''' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691 8'' 0.977127 0.830323 0.281691
9''' 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136 9'' 0.33467 0.473341 0.684136
Mutation 10''' 0.793876 0.373211 0.71015 10'' 0.793876 0.71015 0.373211
 READ DATA
GA Flow Chart
INITIALIZATION

EVALUATION

SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTION

NO
CROSS OVER
CHECK STOPPING
CRITERIA
MUTATION
YES

REPLACEMENT STOP
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