Starter - What

do you think
these are
pictures of?
 It’s the Large Hadron
Collider in Switzerland!

But what does it actually

DO?
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

Learning outcomes
• Explain what centripetal force is.
• Explain how a cyclotron works and what
applications they have.
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

Back to the LHC…

1. What does it do?
2. Any ideas how it does this?

30 Seconds to think in pairs about these

questions!
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

LARGE…
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

HADRON…
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

COLLIDER…
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion
So, it is essentially a machine that smashes
particles that have mass together.

How?

And WHY?
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion
Task 1-
Demonstration time!
• You will work in pairs with a rubber bung and
Let’s
somesee a circular particle accelerator in
string.
action!
• You will each be given a sheet to annotate.
• You need to be able to explain WHY the bung
moves in a circle above your head.
• Label any forces you think are occurring when
the bung is swung.

KEYWORDS you MAY want to use!

Force, Motion, Acceleration, Radius,
Direction, Tangent
 P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion
There MUST be a force keeping our bungs moving in a circle because forces normally only
work in straight lines (tangents). In our example, the force was supplied via the tension in
the string.
We call this force a centripetal force. (NOT CENTRIFUGAL!)
 P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion
There MUST be a force keeping our bungs moving in a circle because forces normally only
work in straight lines (tangents). In our example, the force was supplied via the tension in
the string.
We call this force a centripetal force. (NOT CENTRIFUGAL!)
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

Learning outcomes
• Explain what centripetal force is.
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion
So, what does a cyclotron do?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUsuwJ9g
PTU

Red = North Pole of Electromagnet

Dot = A charged particle.

Blue = South Pole of Electromagnet

 P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion
TASK: I have, Who Has?
• You are going to be given SIX
cards.
• Deal ONE card to each group
member, face down.
• They are the six steps of how a
cyclotron works, YOUR task is to Red = North Pole of Electromagnet
order them correctly!
Dot = A charged particle.
• You are NOT allowed to show the
other members of your group Blue = South Pole of Electromagnet
your card, you can only read out
your card!
• When you think you have the
right order, check with me!
• Which group can do it first?
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion
So, what does a cyclotron do?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpqdmGR
qmw0

They are now common in medicine, they allow

the creation of radioactive elements that emit
positrons. These elements are used in PET
scanners!

But why do you think they need to be on-site?

P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

Learning outcomes
• Explain how a cyclotron works and what
applications they have.
P3.20 – Cyclotrons and Circular Motion

Plenary – Exam Question!

• Can you use the knowledge of this lesson to
answer a real exam question on this topic?

Let’s find out!

A satellite in a geostationary orbit always stays above the same A satellite in a geostationary orbit always stays above the same
point on the surface of the Earth. point on the surface of the Earth.
These satellites: These satellites:
• are used for communications • are used for communications
• are in a fixed orbit at 36 000 km above the surface of the Earth • are in a fixed orbit at 36 000 km above the surface of the Earth
• complete one orbit in 24 hours. • complete one orbit in 24 hours.
The table shows three geostationary satellites, E, F and G, and their The table shows three geostationary satellites, E, F and G, and their
masses. masses.
Satellite Mass of satellite in kg Launch date Satellite Mass of satellite in kg Launch date
E 1200 1978 E 1200 1978
F 1500 1984 F 1500 1984
G 3500 2011 G 3500 2011

(i) Describe a pattern shown in the table.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Which satellite has the greatest centripetal force acting on it?
Give a reason for your answer.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Mass is the only thing that affects the force acting on a
geostationary satellite.
Explain why.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
(i) Describe a pattern shown in the table.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Which satellite has the greatest centripetal force acting on it?
Give a reason for your answer.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Mass is the only thing that affects the force acting on a
geostationary satellite.
Explain why.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
(i) modern satellites are heavier
accept converse
1
(ii) G
1
greatest mass
accept heaviest, dependent mark
1
(iii) radius is fixed
accept diameter / circumference / distance from centre
accept length and time of orbit is fixed
1
(so) speed is fixed
accept acceleration is constant
do not allow velocity is fixed
1
[5]
A Cyclotron A voltage is placed A stream of A Cyclotron A voltage is placed A stream of
consists of 2 “D across the two D- charged particles consists of 2 “D across the two D- charged particles
shaped” magnetic shaped regions, are introduced at shaped” magnetic shaped regions, are introduced at
fields stuck creating a “North” the centre of the fields stuck creating a “North” the centre of the
between a very and a “South” pole. Cyclotron, instantly between a very and a “South” pole. Cyclotron, instantly
powerful accelerating powerful accelerating
electromagnet. The towards one of the electromagnet. The towards one of the
large poles of the D- large poles of the D-
electromagnet shaped magnetic electromagnet shaped magnetic
provides the Field. provides the Field.
centripetal force centripetal force
that any charged that any charged
particles will need. particles will need.

The voltage is The poles are The process is The voltage is The poles are The process is
reversed across the flipped again in the repeated until the reversed across the flipped again in the repeated until the
D-shaped region, magnetic field, particles are D-shaped region, magnetic field, particles are
causing the poles causing the moving so fast and causing the poles causing the moving so fast and
to flip. The charged particles to again have spun so far to flip. The charged particles to again have spun so far
particles then increase in speed out to the edge particles then increase in speed out to the edge
accelerate towards and move further that they leave accelerate towards and move further that they leave
the opposite pole, out as they rush to through an opening the opposite pole, out as they rush to through an opening
gaining speed as the opposite side. and are moving gaining speed as the opposite side. and are moving
they go and moving exceptionally they go and moving exceptionally
further towards the quickly. further towards the quickly.
edge of the edge of the
cyclotron. cyclotron.
Step Description Step Description

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6
Why is the bung moving in a circle?
Why is the bung moving in a circle?