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Chapter 4 Hypothesis Testing1
Chapter 4 Hypothesis Testing1
CHAPTER 4
BUM 2413 / BPF 3313
CONTENT
• 4.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis
– A statement that something TRUE
• Statistical Hypothesis
– A statement about the parameters of one or more
populations.
• Test statistics
– the statistics used as a basis for deciding whether
the null hypothesis should be rejected (z, t, Khi, F)
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Basic logic of Hypothesis Testing
• Rejection (Critical) Region, (α)
– the set of values for the test statistics that leads to
rejection of the null hypothesis
• Critical values
– the values of the test statistics that separate the
rejection and nonrejection regions.
– A critical value is considered part of the rejection
region
– In general, Reject Ho if test statistics > critical value
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Rejection Region
Reject Ho Reject Ho
Accept Ho
1–α
Critical value Critical value
Reject Ho
Accept Ho
1–α
Critical value
Reject Ho
Accept Ho
1–α
Critical value 9
Type I and II Error
Ho is
True False
Do not reject Ho Correct decision Type II Error
Reject Ho Type I Error Correct Decision
Type I Error
- Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true
P Reject H o H o is true significance level
Type II Error
-Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false
P Accept H o H o is false
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Hypothesis Testing Common Phrase
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Example
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each conjecture.
X
ztest
n
X X
ztest ttest
s n s n
• A lecturer state that the IQ score for IPT student’s must be more
higher than other people IQ’s which is known to be normally
distributed with mean 110 and standard deviation 10. To prove
his hypothesis, 25 IPT students were chosen and were given an
IQ test. The result shows that the mean IQ score for 25 IPT
students is 114. Can we accept his hypothesis at significance
level, α = 0.05?
16
Example 2: Hypothesis testing for mean
μ with unknown σ² and n ≥ 30
X 1 X 2 o
ttest
X 1 X 2 o X 1 X 2 o X 1 X 2 o
s12 s22
ztest ttest ztest
1 1 1 1 n1 n2
sp sp s12 s22
n1 n2 n1 n2 2
n1 n2 s12 s 22
v n1 n2
2 2
s12 s 22
20
n1 n2
n1 1 n 2 1
Example 4: Hypothesis testing for μ – μ 1 2
• The mean lifetime for 30 battery type A is 5.3 hours while the
mean lifetime for 35 battery type B is 4.8 hours. If the lifetime
standard deviation for the battery type A is 1 and the lifetime
standard deviation for the battery type B is 0.7 hours, can we
conclude that the lifetime for both batteries type A and type B
are same at significance level, α = 0.05? 21
Example 5: Hypothesis testing for μ – μ with 1 2
• The mean lifetime for 10 battery type A is 5.3 hours with standard
deviation 1 hour while the mean lifetime for 8 battery type B is 4.8
hours with standard deviation 0.7 hours. Can we conclude that the
lifetime for both battery type A and type B are same at significance
level, α = 0.05? Assume that the variance lifetime for both
batteries type A and type B are different. 23
Example 7: Hypothesis testing for μ – μ with 1 2
• Many studies have been conducted to test the effects of marijuana use on
mental abilities. In a study, groups of light and heavy users of marijuana
were tested for memory recall, with the result below.
– Item sort correctly by light marijuana users: n1 64, x1 53.3, s1 3.6
– Item sort correctly by heavy marijuana users: n2 65, x2 51.3, s2 4.5
Use 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the population of heavy
marijuana users has a lower mean than the light users if the variance 24
population for both users are same.
Example 8: Hypothesis testing for μ – μ with 1 2
• Two catalyst are being analyzed to determine the mean yield of a chemical
process. A test is run in the pilot plant and results are shown below.
catalyst 1: 91.50 94.18 92.18 95.39 91.79 89.07 94.72 89.21
catalyst 2: 89.19 90.95 90.46 93.21 97.19 97.04 91.07 92.75
Is there any different between the mean yield? Use α = 0.05 and assume the
variances population are equal. 25
4.4 Hypothesis Testing for
Proportion
pˆ po
ztest
po 1 po n
x
Where: pˆ , po population proportion
n
27
Example 9: Hypothesis testing
for proportion p
• A group of scientist believes that their new medicine can heal 40%
of patients. The current medicine in market can only heal 30% of
patients. A research is done to test the hypothesis made by the
scientists. The new medicine is given to the 100 patients and it
shows that only 26 patients are recovered. Can we accept their
hypothesis at significance level α = 0.05?
29
4.5 Hypothesis Testing for the
Difference between two
Proportions
pˆ 1 pˆ 2 p o
z test
pˆ 1 1 pˆ 1 pˆ 2 1 pˆ 2
n1 n2
x
Where: pˆ , po population proportion
n
31
Example 11: Hypothesis testing for
difference proportion p – p 1 2
• Random samples of 747 Malaysian men and 434 Malaysian women were
taken. Of those sampled, 276 men and 195 women said that they
sometimes ordered dish without meat or fish when they eat out. Do the
data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that, in Malaysia, the
percentage of men who sometimes order a dish without meat or fish is
smaller than the percentage of women who sometimes order a dish
without meat or fish at significance level α = 0.05? 33
4.6 Hypothesis Testing for
Variances and Standard
Deviations
2
n 1 s 2
test
o2
35
Example 13: Hypothesis Testing for σ²
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4.7 Hypothesis Testing for Two
Variances and Standard
Deviations
s12
Ftest 2
s2
39
Example 15: Hypothesis Testing for
difference proportions σ1²/ σ2²
40
Example 16: Hypothesis Testing for
difference proportions σ1²/ σ2²
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THANK YOU
DO YOUR TUTORIAL!!!!!
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