CHEMICAL HEAT TREATMENT

SURFACE HARDENING
SURFACE HARDENING

1. CARBURIZING AND CASE HARDENING

2. CYANIDING
3. CARBONITRIDING
4. NITRIDINGFLAME HARDENING
5. INDICTION HARDENING
CARBURIZING
Cara yang dilakukan dengan menambah unsur carbon
dibagian permukaan baja dengan media serbuk
karbon dan atau fluida karbon.
Baja dengan kadar 0,15 – 0,25 % karbon bersentuhan
dengan dengan serbuk atau fluida karbon dibawah
pengaruh panas pada suhu 17500F. Proses ini
tergantung variabel waktu. Waktu semakin lama
jumlah carbon yang menyusup permukaan semakin
banyak dan semakin menusuk kedalam baja.
Case-Hardening - Processes
 Flame/Induction Hardening
 Carburizing

 Nitriding

 Cyaniding

 Carbonitriding
Flame and induction hardening
 Flame or induction hardening are
processes in which the surface of the
steel is heated to high temperatures
(by direct application of a flame, or by
induction heating) then cooled rapidly,
generally using water
 This creates a case of martensite on
the surface.
 A carbon content of 0.4–0.6 wt% C is
needed for this type of hardening
Carburizing
 Carburizing is a process used to case
harden steel with a carbon content
between 0.1 and 0.3 wt% C.
 Steel is introduced to a carbon rich
environment and elevated
temperatures for a certain amount of
time, and then quenched so that the
carbon is locked in the structure
 Example -> Heat a part with an
acetylene torch set with a fuel-rich
Carburizing
 Carburization is a diffusion-
controlled process, so the longer
the steel is held in the carbon-rich
environment the greater the
carbon penetration will be and
the higher the carbon content.
 The carburized section will have a
carbon content high enough that it
can be hardened again through
 Carburizing
 The carbon can come from a solid, liquid
or gaseous source
 Solid source -> pack carburizing.
Packing low carbon steel parts with a
carbonaceous material and heating for
some time diffuses carbon into the outer
layers.
 A heating period of a few hours might
form a high-carbon layer about one
millimeter thick
 Liquid Source -> involves placing parts
 Nitriding
 Nitriding heats the steel part to 482–
621°C in an atmosphere of NH3 gas and
broken NH3.
 The time the part spends in this
environment dictates the depth of the
case.
 The hardness is achieved by the
formation of nitrides.
 Nitride forming elements must be
present in the workpiece for this method
Cyaniding
 Cyaniding is mainly used on low
carbon steels.
 The part is heated to 870-950°C in a
bath of sodium cyanide (NaCN)and
then is quenched and rinsed, in water
or oil, to remove any residual
cyanide.
 The process produces a thin, hard
shell (0.5-0.75mm) that is harder than
the one produced by carburizing, and
can be completed in 20 to 30 minutes
Carbonitriding
 Carbonitriding is similar to cyaniding
except a gaseous atmosphere of
ammonia and hydrocarbons (e.g.
CH4)is used instead of sodium
cyanide.
 If the part is to be quenched then the
part is heated to 775–885°C; if not
then the part is heated to 649–788°C
PRECIPITATION
HARDENING
 Precipitation hardening (or age
hardening), is a heat treatment
technique used to increase the yield
strength of malleable materials
 Malleable materials are those, which
are capable of deforming under
compressive stress
 It relies on changes in solid solubility
with temperature to produce fine
particles of an impurity phase, which
Precipitation Hardening
 Since dislocations are often the
dominant carriers of plasticity, this
serves to harden the material
 The impurities play the same role
as the particle substances in
particle-reinforced composite
materials.
 Alloys must be kept at elevated
temperature for hours to allow
precipitation to take place. This
Precipitation Hardening
 Two different heat treatments
involving precipitates can change
the strength of a material:
1. solution heat treating

2. precipitation heat treating

 Solution treatment involves

formation of a single-phase solid
solution via quenching and leaves a
material softer