Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Courtesy Of:: Industrial Wastewater Management and Resource Recovery
Courtesy Of:: Industrial Wastewater Management and Resource Recovery
Courtesy Of:: Industrial Wastewater Management and Resource Recovery
CE525
Industrial Wastewater
Management and
Resource Recovery
MAN’S GREATEST
DISCOVERY
IN CHEMISTRY:
MASTERY OF FIRE…
ULTIMATELY LED TO INDUSTRIALIZATION,
OVERPOPULATION AND URBANIZATION…
AND AIR POLLUTION..
…AND WATER POLLUTION
Some Resource Perspectives
• Most countries want to increase their
agricultural production-- why be
dependent on others for food?
• Worldwide crop residue production is
at least 3600 billion pounds/y:
• 800 million tons sugar cane bagasse
• 500 million tons rice straw
• 500 million tons corn stover
NATURAL RESOURCE
RECOVERY
• Natural resources limited
• Importance to development
• Wastes are polluting
• Recover more – less pollution
Composting
RESOURCE
EXTRACTION
FROM WASTE
Dewatered
orange peel
Citrus oils
and molasses
ORANGE JUICE BYPRODUCTS RECOVERY
ORANGE JUICE BYPRODUCTS BENEFICIATION
Orange juice, is of course, the most important product from the orange (50%).
Byproducts, all of which are used in food processing, agriculture and electronics
Cold-pressed oils
Oil removed from the peel during the juice extraction process. The major use is for
flavoring juices, beverages and other foods and confections.
Essences and aromas
These are recovered during the evaporation process when the juice is heated under
a vacuum to remove the water. Used to flavor citrus juice and beverage products.
Press liquor
The remaining peel, seeds and membrane are processed through a screw press for
much of the remaining liquid — press liquor. Used to make citrus molasses.
Citrus molasses
The product resulting from the evaporation of the press liquor, it is either sold to local
distillers to make alcohol or mixed with peel pulp to produce cattle feed.
D'limonene
Recovered from the orange peel from conversion of the press liquor to molasses,
d'limonene is used for making everything from adhesives to a solvent used by the
electronics industry as a replacement for ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons.
Dried peel
90% of the moisture removed by pressing and heating: pressed into pellets that is
used for cattle feed.
Orange Peel: no longer a waste
Other fruits
and vegetables
also provide
opportunities
RECOVERY OF
BYPRODUCTS
FROM PINEAPPLE
WASTES
METAL
RECOVERY
FROM
WASTE
WATERS
METAL ION SOLUBILITIES AS A FUNCTION OF pH
DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE AS A RESULT
OF DECREASED SOLUBILITY
WITH INCREASE IN
TEMPERATURE
Reuse of Water Softening
Lime Sludge and Coal
Combustion Byproducts
Rob Baker, Research Assistant
J(Hans) van Leeuwen, David J. White
Principal Investigators
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Dept Civil Construction, and Environmental Engineering
Ames, Iowa
Problem
• Stockpiles of water
treatment lime sludge
in Mid-West
• DNR: No new lagoons
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Dept Civil Construction, and Environmental Engineering
Ames, Iowa
Fungal processing
Food-grade
alcohol
Major Dry Corn Milling Products
Ethanol CO2
Recycled
Water Stillage DDGS
$$$$$
MICROBIAL BIOMASS
PRODUCTION
Fungal species
Dedication to work
Rhizopus sp. grown on
wet corn milling wastewater
50
The Rhizopus fungi grew very well attached to PCS (an extruded
mix of polyethylene and dried plant biomass) and excluded bacteria.
Easy harvesting by sloughing off and subsequent settling.
Chemical Selection of Species
Ozone
generators
pH controllers
Desiccators
Bioreactors
Fungal
biomass
Fungal Treatment of Thin Stillage
100 40
60
TCOD 20 TSS
40 SCOD VSS
10
20
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Day Day
Research into
water reclamation
No antibiotics required
Energy savings in
thin stillage treatment
• Heat required for evaporation on a 50
Mgal/y plant would be 3300MBtu/day
• Heat recovered of 90% 330
MBtu/day
• Cost of natural gas New York
Mercantile Exchange was c. $12.5 per
MBTU at the end of 2005 (eia.doe.gov)
• Annual savings in energy c. $1.5M
Simplifying Lignocellulosic Fermentation
H2SO4 Enzymes Pretreatment part of
Heat current technology is
polluting and expensive
Trained cormorants
with neckrings led
to the submergence
of the culture idea
4 2d SSF, yeasts
Ethanol
3 3d SSF, yeasts
2 3d SSF, Breakthrough:
no yeasts
G. trabeum produced ethanol
1
under anaerobic conditions
0 Sugars released were
0 48 96 144 192 240 288 effectively fermented to
ethanol by yeasts
Anaerobic Incubation (h)
7.00 Control
6.00 CEU
SD2020
CEU
SD4040
Volume (%)
5.00
CU 20
SA20
4.00
CU 40
SA40
3.00
2.00
1.00
High power
0.00
0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
Uncooked
Cooked
Ultrasonication: Equipment
Ethanol Purification with
Ozonation and GAC
ZAP
the
ZOOPS
..or Hollywood Invaders?
Alien Invaders in
our Coastal Waters
- weirder and risky
ZEBRA MUSSELS
The Target:
Invasive
Marine
Species
RESEARCH ON SHIPS’ BALLAST WATER TREATMENT
NUTECH O3, NOAA, NETSCO, UNCW, UWS, ISU, et al.
Propeller exposed under
unballasted conditions
Into the Tonsina’s ballast tanks
Inside the ozone generator aboard the Tonsina
Side-stream
ozone
injection