RESEARCH METHODS

DESIGN OF RESEARCH

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SAMPLING DESIGN
Research Design Decisions
 Study about what?
 What type of Data is required?
 Where from Data can be collected?
 Sources of Data.
 Sample Design.
 Techniques of Data Collection:
(a) Questionnaire Method or
(b) Observation Method.
 How to analyze Data?
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Variables must be Identified:
(a) Dependent Variable &
(b) Independent Variable
(c) Extraneous Variable
 Research Hypothesis Statement (Tentative
or Intuitive Result of the identified
Research Problem) should be formulated
[not always required but for
Experimentation it is mandatory]
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Exploratory Research Studies
(Preliminary or Formulative research
studies): This normally starts with Desk
Research for e.g., Literature Review.
Experience Survey. Individual Depth
Interview (IDI), Delphi Technique etc.
 This will generate ‘Insights’ to the
Researcher
 Sometimes Questionnaire (Open-ended)
may have to prepare for Experience Survey.
 Overall this process should be Flexible’ and it
is ‘Secondary Research’
RESEARCH DESIGN
 In the final stage there are TWO Types of
Research may be done.
 1. Descriptive and Diagnostic Research &
 2. Experimental or Causal Research

 These two are fundamental and primary

research.
 In these researches data are to be collected
from the definitive source, called ‘Population or
Universe’
 When population is large in quantity then we
have to select a portion of the same
population, called ‘Sample’.
DESCRIPTIVE & DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
 Descriptive Research tells about the
characteristics and any act of an individual
or particular community.
 We can symbolize this research pattern by
finding the answers through What, Where,
When, How etc.
 Whereas ‘Diagnostic Research’ tries to
find out the frequency with which the action
occurs. Significantly the question asked –
Why this action? How many times? Why this
particular choice etc.
DESCRIPTIVE & DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
 This Research is more rigid than
‘Exploratory Research.’ Samples selection
normally done through ‘Probability Sampling’
method preferably randomly selected
process.
 Data Collection method should be well
defined and pre-decided. If Questionnaire
method has to be adopted Questionnaire
should be prepared according to the need
of data required and according to the
characteristics of the Sample. Sample Unit
and Sample size pre-decided.
Experimental Or Causal Research
 This research has been developed by Prof. R. A.
Fisher.
 Here researchers try to find out cause &
effect relationship between the variables.
 Researchers used to experiment between
‘Test and Control’ group of the variables.
 Variables may be ‘Dependant’.‘Independent’
and ‘Extraneous.
For example: ‘Wheat’. ‘Fertilizer’ and ‘Climate’
respectively.
There should have at least ‘one Control group’
other than ‘Test Group’.
Experimental Or Causal Research
 There are different Experimentation process. [As
it is very technical one has to study in detail]
 Informal Experimental Design:
a) Before and after without control group
b) After – only with control group
c) Before and after with with control group
 Formal Experimental Design:
a) Completely Randomized design
b) Randomized Blocked design
c) Latin Square design
d) Factorial design
SAMPLING DESIGN
 SAMPLING
 In the primary research process to gather data
or information to bring out the answers of the
identified problems are to be collected from
the definitive source, called ‘Population or
Universe’
 When population is large in quantity then we
have to select a portion of the same population,
called ‘Sample’.
 The selected sample should be the smaller part
of the identified target population where from
we can get the answers of the identified
problems.
 SAMPLING
 During se;ection of Sample from the total
‘Universe’ or ‘Population’ Researcher must
pay attenyion to:
 a) Type of Universe.
 b) Sampling Unit
 c) Size of Sample
 d) Sampling Procedure
 e) Location or area of Sample’s availability
 SAMPLING
 Simple Sampling designs are of TWO types:
 a) Non – Probability Sampling &
 b) Probability Sampling
 Normally in case of qualitative research we
use this type of sample
 Non-Probability Sampling is that kind of
sampling where researcher’s personal
decision, choice, understanding, convenience
and even bias can play a vital role. There is
no chance of random selection process
occur.
 SAMPLING
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling:
 1. Purposive Samples
 2. Judgmental Samples
 3. Convenience Samples
 4. Quota Samples
 Types of Probability Sampling:
 Random Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Area Sampling
 Multi-Stage Sampling