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An Introduction To Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectros
An Introduction To Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectros
Absorption Spectroscopy
Lecture 24
1
Instrumentation
• Light source
• - selector
• Sample container
• Detector
• Signal processing
• Light Sources (commercial
instruments)
– D2 lamp (UV: 160 – 375 nm)
– W lamp (vis: 350 – 2500 nm)
2
Sources
Deuterium and hydrogen lamps (160 – 375 nm)
D2 + Ee → D2* → D’ + D’’ + h
3
Deuterium lamp
UV region
5
The tungsten lamp is by far the most common
source in the visible and near IR region with
a continuum output wavelength in the range
from 350-2500 nm. The lamp is formed from a
tungsten filament heated to about 3000 oC
housed in a glass envelope. The output of
the lamp approaches a black body radiation
where it is observed that the energy of a
tungsten lamp varies as the fourth power of
the operating voltage.
6
Tungsten halogen lamps are currently more
popular than just tungsten lamps since they
have longer lifetime. Tungsten halogen
lamps contain small quantities of iodine in a
quartz envelope. The quartz envelope is
necessary due to the higher temperature of
the tungsten halogen lamps (3500 oC). The
longer lifetime of tungsten halogen lamps
stems from the fact that sublimed tungsten
forms volatile WI2 which redeposits on the
filament thus increasing its lifetime. The
output of tungsten halogen lamps are more
efficient and extend well into the UV.
7
Tungsten lamps (350-2500 nm)
1)Low intensity
2)Glass envelope
8
3. Xenon Arc Lamps
11
Instrumental Components
• Source
• - selector (monochromators)
• Sample holders
• Cuvettes (b = 1 cm typically)
1. Glass (Vis)
2. Fused silica (UV+Vis)
• Detectors
– Photodiodes
– PMTs
12
Types of Instruments
13
14
1. Single beam
–Place cuvette with blank (i.e.,
solvent) in instrument and take a
reading 100% T
–Replace cuvette with sample and
take reading % T for analyte
(from which absorbance is calc’d)
15
Most common spectrophotometer:
Spectronic 20.
16
17
End view of the exit slit of the Spectronic 20
spectrophotometer pictured earlier
18
• Single-Beam Instruments for the Ultraviolet/Visible
Region
19
• Single-Beam Computerized
Spectrophotometers
Inside of a
single-
beam
spectropho
tometer
connected
to a
computer.
20
2. Double beam (most commercial
instruments)
– Light is split and directed towards both
reference cell (blank) and sample cell
– Two detectors; electronics measure ratio
(i.e., measure/calculate absorbance)
– Advantages:
• Compensates for fluctuations in source
intensity and drift in detector
• Better design for continuous recording of
spectra
21
General Instrument Designs
Double Beam: In - Space
22
General Instrument Designs
Double Beam: In - Time
23
24
Merits of Double Beam Instruments
25
Dual Beam Instruments
26