FFFL - 13-18 Bearings Powerpoint

Hydrostatic
Bearing
Systems
Figure 13.1 Formation of fluid in

hydrostatic bearing system. (a) Pump off;
(b) pressure build up; (c) pressure times
recess area equals normal applied load;
(d) bearing operating; (e) increased load;
(f) decreased load. [From Rippel (1963)].
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Hamrock, Schmid & Jacobson
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Circular Step Pad &
Pressure
Figure 13.2 Radial-flow hydrostatic Figure 13.3 Pressure distribution in

thrust bearing with circular step pad. radial-flow hydrostatic thrust bearing.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Load coefficient: Pad Coefficients
Flow coefficient:
Power coefficient:
Figure 13.4 Chart for determining

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication bearing pad coefficients for circular step
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2 thrust bearing. [From Rippel (1963)].
Annular Thrust Pad Bearing
Figure 13.5 Configurations of annular thrust pad bearing.

[From Rippel (1963)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pad Coefficients
Load coefficient:
Flow coefficient:
Power coefficient:
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication Figure 13.6 Chart for determining bearing pad
Hamrock, Schmid & Jacobson coefficients for annular thrust pad bearings. [From
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Rippel (1963)].
Rectangular Hydrostatic Pad
Figure 13.7 Rectangular hydrostatic pad.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pad Coefficients
Load coefficient:
Flow coefficient:
Power coefficient:
Figure 13.8 Pad coefficients. (a) Square

Hamrock, Schmid & Jacobson pad; (b) rectangular pad with B= 2L and b = l.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Compensated Hydrostatic
Bearings
Figure 13.9 Capillary-compensated Figure 13.10 Orifice-compensated

hydrostatic bearing. [From Rippel hydrostatic bearing. [From Rippel
(1963)]. (1963)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Flow-Valve Compensation
Figure 13.10 Constant-flow-valve

compensation in hydrostatic bearing.
[From Rippel (1963)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Compensating Element
Ranking

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Speed vs. Load
Figure 14.1 Effect of speed on load for self-acting, gas-lubricated

bearings. [From Ausman (1961).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Rectangular-Step Thrust
Bearing
Figure 14.3 Transformation of

Figure 14.2 Rectangular-step thrust
rectangular slider bearing into circular
bearing. [From Hamrock (1972).]
sector bearing.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Optimum
Step
Parameters
Figure 14.4 Effect of dimensionless

bearing number on optimum step
parameters. (a) For maximum
dimensionless load-carrying capacity; (b)
for maximum dimensionless stiffness.
[From Hamrock (1972).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Load-Carrying
Capacity &
Stiffness
Figure 14.5 Effect of dimensionless

bearing number on dimensionless load-
carrying capacity and dimensionless
stiffness. (a) For maximum
dimensionless load-carrying capacity; (b)
for maximum dimensionless stiffness.
[From Hamrock (1972).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Spiral-Groove Thrust
Bearing
Figure 14.6 Spiral-groove thrust bearing. [From

Malanoski and Pan (1965).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Spiral-Groove
Thrust Bearing
Characteristics
Figure 14.7 Charts for determining

characteristics of spiral-groove thrust
bearings. (a) Groove factor; (b) load; (c)
stiffness; (d) torque; (e) flow; (f) optimal
groove geometry; (g) groove length
factor. [From Reiger (1967).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure Perturbation
Solution
Figure 15.1 Design chart for radially loaded, self-acting, gas-

lubricated journal bearings (isothermal first-order perturbation solution.)
[From Ausman (1959).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Linearized ph Solution

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pivoted-Pad Bearings
Figure 15.3 Geometry of individual Figure 15.4 Geometry of pivoted-pad

pivoted-pad bearing. [From Gunter et al. journal bearing with three pads. [From
(1964)] Gunter et al. (1964)]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pivoted-Pad Perfor-
mance Parameters

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Herringbone-Groove Journal
Bearing
Figure 15.6 Configuration of concentric herringbone-groove

journal bearing.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Parameters for Herringbone
Bearing
Figure 15.7 Charts for determining

optimal herringbone-journal-bearing
groove parameters for maximum radial
load. Top plots are for grooved member
rotating; bottom plots are for smooth
member rotating. (a) Optimal film
thickness ratio; (b) optimal groove width
ratio. [From Hamrock and Fleming
(1971)]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Parameters for Herringbone
Bearing (cont.)
Figure 15.7 Concluded. (c) Optimal

groove length ratio; (d) optimal groove
angle.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Load-Carrying Capacity

maximum normal load-carrying capacity.
(a) grooved member rotating; (b) smooth
member rotating. [From Hamrock and
Fleming (1971)]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Stability of Herringbone-
Groove Bearings

maximum stability of herringbone-groove
bearings. [From Fleming and Hamrock
(1974).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Foil Bearing
Figure 15.10 (a) Schematic illustration of a foil bearing; (b) free-body

diagram of a section of foil.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure in Foil Bearing
Figure 15.11 Pressure distribution and film thickness in a foil

bearing. [From Bhushan (2002).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Lubrication of Rigid Cylinder
Figure 16.1 Lubrication of a rigid cylinder near a plane. (a) Coordinates

and surface velocities; (b) forces.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Cavitation Fingers
Figure 16.2 Cavitation fingers.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Effect of Leakage
Figure 16.3 Side-leakage effect on Figure 16.4 Effect of leakage on

normal load component. tangential load component.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Contact
Geometry
Figure 16.5 Contact geometry. (a) Two

rigid solids separated by a lubricant film:
(a-1) y=0 plane; (a-2) x=0 plane. (b)
Equivalent system of a rigid solid near a
plane separated by a lubricant film: (b-1)
y=0 plane; (b-2) x=0 plane. [From Brewe
et al. (1979)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Boundary Conditions &
Nodal Structure
Figure 16.6 Effect of boundary conditions. (a)

Solution using full Sommerfeld boundary
conditions; (b) solution using half Sommerfeld
boundary condition; (c) solution using Reynolds Figure 16.7 Variable nodal structure
boundary conditions. [From Brewe et al. (1970)]. used for numerical calculations. [From
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication Brewe et al. (1979)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Hydrodynamic Lift
Figure 16.8 Effect of radius ratio on reduced hydrodynamic lift.

[From Brewe et al. (1979)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure for
Two Radius
Ratios

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure Contours

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Comparison of Fully
Flooded and Starved
Contact
Figure 16.11 Three-

dimensional representation
of pressure distributions for
dimensionless minimum film
thickness Hmin of 1.0 x 10-4.
(a) Fully flooded condition;
(b) starved condition. [From
Brewe and Hamrock. (1982)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Comparison of Fully
Flooded and Starved
Contact
Figure 16.11 Three-

dimensional representation of
pressure distributions for
dimensionless minimum film
thickness Hmin of 1.0 x 10-3. (a)
Fully flooded condition; (b)
starved condition. [From Brewe
and Hamrock. (1982)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure Contours - Starved
Figure 16.13 Isobaric contour plots for three fluid inlet levels for dimensionless
minimum film thickness Hmin of 1.0 x 10-4. (a) Fully flooded condition: dimensionless
fluid inlet level Hin, 1.00; dimensionless pressure, where dP/dX=0, Pm, 1.20 x 106;
dimensionless load-speed ratio W/U, 1153.6. (b) Starved condition; Hin, 0.004; Pm =
1.19 x 106; W/U = 862.6. (c) Starved condition: Hin =0.001; Pm = 1.13 x 106; W/U =
567.8. [From Brewe and Hamrock. (1982)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Inlet Level Effect
Figure 16.14 Effect of fluid inlet level on film thickness reduction factor in
flooded conjunctions. [From Brewe and Hamrock (1982)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Lubricant Flow
Figure 16.15 Lubricant flow for a rolling-

sliding contact and corresponding
pressure buildup. [From Ghosh et al.
(1985)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Effect of Velocity

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Distributions
vs. Normal
Velocity
Parameter
Figure 13.2 Radial-flow hydrostatic

thrust bearing with circular step pad.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Performance Parameters
Figure 16.19 Effect of radius ratio on

dynamic load ratio. Dimensionless
central film thickness Hmin, 1.0 x 10-4;
dimensionless fluid inlet level Hin, 0.035.
[From Ghosh et al. (1985)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Peak Pressure vs. Radius
Ratio
Figure 16.20 Effect of radius ratio on dynamic peak pressure ratio.

Dimensionless central film thickness Hmin, 1.0 x 10-4; dimensionless fluid inlet
level Hin, 0.035. [From Ghosh et al. (1985)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Contact Geometry
Figure 17.1 Geometry of contacting

elastic solids. [From Hamrock and
Dowson (1981).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Radii of Curvature
Figure 17.2 Sign designations for radii of curvature of various machine

elements. (a) Rolling elements; (b) ball bearing races; (c) rolling bearing
races.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure Distribution
Pressure:
Maximum pressure:
Figure 17.3 Pressure distribution in

ellipsoidal contact.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Ellipticity Parameter and
Elliptic Integrals
Figure 17.4 Variation of ellipticity parameter and elliptic integrals of first and
second kinds as function of radius ratio. [From Hamrock and Brewe (1983).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Hertz Contact Summary
Contact dimensions:
Maximum elastic deformation:
Effective elastic modulus:

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Elliptic Integrals

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Effect of Radius Ratio on
Subsurface Stress

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Simplified Equations for
Elliptic Integrals

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Conformity
Figure 17.5 Three degrees of

conformity. (a) Wheel on rail; (b) ball on
plane; (c) ball-outer-race contact. [From
Hamrock and Brewe (1983).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Calculation of Elastic
Deformation

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Load Components
Figure 18.1 Sketch to illustrate Figure 18.2 Load components and

calculations of Xr,end and N. [From shear forces. [From Hamrock and
Houpert and Hamrock (1986).] Jacobson (1984).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Profiles at Early
Iterations
Figure 18.3 Pressure profiles and film

shapes at iterations 0, 1, and 14 with
dimensionless speed, load, and material
parameters fixed at U = 1.0 x 10-11, W’ =
2.045 x 10-5, and G=5007. [From
Houpert and Hamrock (1986).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure and Film Profiles
Figure 18.4 Dimensionless pressure

Figure 18.5 Film thickness profiles for
profiles for isoviscous and viscous
isoviscous and viscous solutions.
solutions. Compressibility effects were
Compressibility effects were considered.
considered. [From Hamrock et al.
[From Hamrock et al. (1988).]
(1988).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Detail of Spike Location
Figure 18.6 Pressure and film thickness

profiles in region 0.9 ≤ Xr ≤ 1.0. (a)
Dimensionless pressure; (b) dimensionless
film thickness. [From Hamrock et al. (1988).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Compressibility Effect
Figure 18.8 Dimensionless pressure Figure 18.9 Dimensionless pressure

and film thickness profiles for an and film thickness profiles for a
incompressible fluid. Viscous effects compressible fluid. Viscous effects were
were considered. [From Hamrock et al. considered. [From Hamrock et al.
(1988).] (1988).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Detail of Spike Location

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure as a Function of
Load
Figure 18.11 Variation of dimensionless pressure in elastohydrodynamically

lubricated conjunction for six dimensionless loads with dimensionless speed and
materials parameters held fixed at U=1.0 x 10-11 and G=5007. [From Pan and
Hamrock (1989).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Speed Effects
Figure 18.12 Variation of dimensionless

pressure in elastohydrodynamically
lubricated conjunction for three
dimensionless speeds with
dimensionless load and materials
parameters held fixed at W’ = 1.3 x 10-4
and G=5007. [From Pan and Hamrock
(1989).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Spike Amplitude

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Spike Location

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Film Thickness

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Variation in Film Shape
Figure 18.13 Variation of

dimensionless film shape in
elastohydrodynamically lubricated
conjunction for six dimensionless
loads with dimensionless speed
and materials parameters held fixed
at U=1.0 x 10-11 and G=5007. [From
Pan and Hamrock (1989).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Central Film Thickness

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Film Shape for Different
Speeds
Figure 18.14 Variation of dimensionless

film shape for three dimensionless
speeds with dimensionless load and
materials parameters fixed at W’ = 1.3 x
10-4 and G=5007. [From Pan and
Hamrock (1989).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Location of Minimum Film
Thickness

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Center of Pressure

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Mass Flow Rate

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2

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Hydrostatic

Figure 13.1 Formation of fluid in

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 13.2 Radial-flow hydrostatic Figure 13.3 Pressure distribution in

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 13.4 Chart for determining

Figure 13.5 Configurations of annular thrust pad bearing.

Figure 13.7 Rectangular hydrostatic pad.

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 13.8 Pad coefficients. (a) Square

Figure 13.9 Capillary-compensated Figure 13.10 Orifice-compensated

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 13.10 Constant-flow-valve

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 14.1 Effect of speed on load for self-acting, gas-lubricated

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 14.3 Transformation of

Figure 14.4 Effect of dimensionless

Figure 14.5 Effect of dimensionless

Figure 14.6 Spiral-groove thrust bearing. [From

Figure 14.7 Charts for determining

Figure 15.1 Design chart for radially loaded, self-acting, gas-

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 15.3 Geometry of individual Figure 15.4 Geometry of pivoted-pad

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 15.6 Configuration of concentric herringbone-groove

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 15.7 Charts for determining

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 15.7 Concluded. (c) Optimal

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 15.8 Chart for determining

Figure 15.9 Chart for determining

Figure 15.10 (a) Schematic illustration of a foil bearing; (b) free-body

Figure 15.11 Pressure distribution and film thickness in a foil

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 16.1 Lubrication of a rigid cylinder near a plane. (a) Coordinates

Figure 16.2 Cavitation fingers.

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 16.3 Side-leakage effect on Figure 16.4 Effect of leakage on

Figure 16.5 Contact geometry. (a) Two

Figure 16.6 Effect of boundary conditions. (a)

Figure 16.8 Effect of radius ratio on reduced hydrodynamic lift.

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 16.11 Three-

Figure 16.11 Three-

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 16.15 Lubricant flow for a rolling-

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 13.2 Radial-flow hydrostatic

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 16.19 Effect of radius ratio on