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Sensing Extracelluar Environment - Stuti - Nirabhi
Sensing Extracelluar Environment - Stuti - Nirabhi
in sensing
extracellular
environment
Stuti Maheshwari (2014B1A10422P)
Nirabhi Sharma (2014B3A10532P)
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Flow of substance across the cell
membrane
Membrane is selectively permeable: allows
certain materials to cross through it to the inside
of the cell.
Transport can be:
ACTIVE: with energy
PASSIVE: without energy
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Passive Transport
Movement of materials WITHOUT energy
(ATP)!
Move from high concentration to low
concentration
Small molecules
Uncharged molecules (do not have a + or -):
Water, Gases(Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide)
Types of PASSIVE transport
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
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Osmosis
Diffusion
Type of PASSIVE transport (no
energy)
Movement of molecules across the
membrane down the concentration
gradient.
High to a low concentration.
“Spreading Out” of molecules
Always trying to reach “equilibrium”
(molecules evenly spread out)
Rate of diffusion is driven by kinetic
energy
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Osmosis
Type of PASSIVE transport (no energy)
The diffusion of WATER molecules
across amembrane.
Movement of water from area of high
water concentration to an area of low
water concentration.
Always trying to reach “equilibrium”
(molecules evenly spread out)
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Facilitated Diffusion
Type of PASSIVE transport(no
energy)
Diffusion of a substance across the
membrane with the help of a
protein embedded in a membrane.
Movement is assisted
Still moving molecules from
high to low
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Active Transport
REQUIRES ATP!!! (energy)
Takes work from cell’s mitochondria
• Movement of molecules across the
membrane against (up) the
concentration gradient
very LARGE molecules
Charged molecules (ions):
From LOW to HIGH concentration
Types of Active
Pumps (proteins)
Endocytosis 8
Exocytosis
Sodium Potassium (Ion)
Pump
Type of active transport
This is where the concentration is moving “low
to high concentration”
Uses proteins in membrane to “pump” ions
against concentration gradient
Ions are elements with a charge ( + or - )
Type of active
transport
Movement of large
materials into the
cell.
Part of the cell
membrane wraps
around the particle
and engulfs it.
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Exocytosis
Type of active transport
Movement of large
materials out of the cell.
Vesicles form around a
particle.
The vesicles combine
with the cell membrane.
The particle is expelled
from the cell.
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Group Translocation
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Taxis
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Types of Signalling
Public Style of Communication: Long range,
broadcasting the signal throughout the whole
body by secreting it into the bloodstream.(e.g.-
hormones)
Less public: simple act as local mediators on
nearby cells.
Messages across long distance, quick and
specific, messages not broadcasted widely.
Cell-cell communication: most intimate and
short range of all.
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The same signal
molecule can induce
different responses in
different target cells.
A cell depends on
multi-
extracellular 18
signals
Receptors Relay Signals via
Intracellular Signalling
Pathways
19
Types of Cell Surface
Receptors
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Biofilms
Important factors in biofilm formation
Cell attachment
Extracellular polysaccharides(EPS)
Cell-cell communication(Quorum sensing)
Cell attachment
Cell surface hydrophobicity: bacterial attachment
to each other& to surfaces- interaction of
hydrophobic domains
Extracellular filamentous appendages in biofilm
formation
Flagella: transport, initial cell-surface interacions
Pilli/fimbriae: adherence to bacterial cell and
inorganic particles
Prostheca/ Stalks: attachment factors in microbes
At the end is an adhesive disk ‘Holdfast’- 24
attachment to surfaces
Quorum Sensing
Type of regulatory process that ensures there is a
sufficient cell density before a specific product like an
extracellular enzyme or virulence protein is made.
Quorum Sensing in gram negative(Acyl Homoserine
Molecule) and gram positive bacteria.
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Gram Negative Bacteria:
Signal Molecule is Acyl Homoserine.
When this molecule reaches a threshold concentration, it binds and
activates a regulatory protein which the binds to a specific site on
DNA.
This results in production of a specific quorum dependent molecule
as well as more enzyme to make Acyl Homoserine molecule.
Gram Positive Bacteria:
Precursor oligopeptide cleaved into functional signal molecules(10
to 20 amino acids).
These molecules are actively transported out of the cell(through
transporter protein).
When molecules reach a threshold concentration on the outside of
the cell, detected by a sensor protein on the surface of the cell.
The sensor protein then gets phosphorylated on the inside of the cell
membrane.
The phosphate triggers a response which results in the production of
the desired product(transcription followed by translation). 26
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References
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THANK YOU
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