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 Go through these slides
and complete
Pg 8 – 13.

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Why do things become hot or cold?
• Things become hotter when they gain heat and
become colder when they lose heat.
• Heat always travels from a hotter region to a colder
region until both reach the same temperature.

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Why do things become hot or cold?
When a glass of cold milk is taken out from the refrigerator
and left on the table, it will get warmer after some time
because it gains heat from its surroundings until it reaches
the same temperature as its surroundings. The temperature
of the milk increases when it gains heat.

surroundings
- higher
temperature

cold milk –
lower
temperature

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Why do things become hot or cold?
When a bowl of hot soup is left on the table, it will get colder
after some time because it loses heat to its surroundings
until it reaches the same temperature as its surroundings.
The temperature of the soup decreases when it loses heat.
surroundings –
lower
temperature hot soup –
higher
temperature

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Why do things become hot or cold?
The temperature of an object increases when it gains heat
and decreases when it loses heat.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss
• Heat gain and heat loss can cause changes in the state
of matter.

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Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss
When a candle is burning, the candle wax starts to melt.
When the wax drops onto the table, it changes back into
solid wax. What do these observations show?

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Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss

• Melting (e.g. ice to water) – heat gain

Ice gains heat

from the
surrounding
air and melts

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Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss

• Freezing (e.g. water to ice) – heat loss

Water loses
heat to the
surrounding
air become ice

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Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss

• Boiling (e.g. water to steam) – heat gain

Water gains
heat from the
fire to become
steam (hot
water vapour)

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Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss
• Evaporation (e.g. water to water vapour) – heat gain

Water gains
heat from the
sun to become
water vapour
(gas)

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Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss

• Condensation (e.g. steam or water vapour to water) –

heat loss
Water vapour in the
surrounding air loses
heat to become water
droplets

The hot water vapour

in the pot loses heat
to become water
droplets

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss
• Heat gain and heat loss can cause changes in the state
of matter.

Process Heat Gain / Loss Example

Melting heat gain ice  water

Freezing heat loss water  ice

Boiling heat gain water  steam

Evaporation heat gain water  water vapour

steam or water vapour 

Condensation heat loss
water

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Effects of Heat Gain and Heat Loss
• When matter changes state, its temperature remains
constant.
Evaporation
Melting Boiling

Gains heat Gains heat

Lose heat Lose heat

Freezing
Condensation

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Expansion and contraction of a solid
• Heat gain causes a solid to expand and heat loss causes
a solid to contract. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPJLFDekxZA

• The metal ball gains heat and expands when it is heated.

Its volume increases.
• When the ball is cooled, it loses heat and contracts. Its
volume decreases.
• The mass of the ball remains unchanged when it
expands or contracts.
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Expansion and contraction of a liquid
• Heat gain causes a liquid to expand and heat loss
causes a liquid to contract. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Gsxo6d6lA0&fe
ature=related

• The mass of the liquid remains unchanged when it

expands or contracts.

final water
level initial water
level
when heated

• When the flask is heated, the liquid in the flask gains heat
from the heat source and expands. The volume of liquid
increases causing the liquid level in the tube to rise

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Expansion and contraction of a liquid

Initial final water

water level when cooled
level

• When the flask is placed in a tub of ice to cool, the liquid

in the flask loses heat to the ice and contracts. The
volume of liquid decreases causing the liquid level in the
tube to fall.

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Expansion and contraction of liquid

Why does the liquid level in the tube drop slightly when
the flask is heated over a bunsen burner and then rise
subsequently?

When the flask is heated, the flask

gains heat faster and expands
before the liquid, causing the liquid
level in the tube to drop a little.
When the liquid gains heat
subsequently, it expands and rises
up the tube, causing the liquid level
in the tube to rise.

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Expansion and contraction of liquid

Why doesn’t the liquid level in the tube drop slightly first when
the flask is placed in a basin of hot water and then rise
subsequently?

Flask expands faster when

heated over direct heat than
when placed in a basin of hot
water.
So, when the flask in placed in a
basin of hot water, the liquid in hot
the flask gains heat and water

expands causing the liquid level

in the tube to rise.
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Expansion and contraction of liquid

What happens when the flask is placed in a basin of ice

water? Will the flask lose heat faster and contract before the
liquid in the flask?

No. The flask and the liquid

contract at about the same
speed. Thus, the liquid will
contract and the liquid level will
drop.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Expansion and contraction of a gas
• Heat gain causes gas to expand and heat loss
causes gas to contract.
• The mass of the air remains unchanged when it
expands or contracts.
When the flask with a
deflated balloon is
placed in a basin of hot
water, the air in the flask
gains heat from the hot
water and expands. The
volume of air increases
A balloon is placed and fills up the balloon
over the mouth of a In hot water causing it to be inflated.
conical flask.

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Expansion and contraction of a gas

In cold
In hot water
water

• When the flask is removed from the hot water and put into a
basin of cold water, the air in the flask loses heat to the cold
water and contracts. The volume of air decreases and
causing it to be deflated.

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Expansion and contraction of a gas

• When the test-tube is heated, the air in the test-tube gains

heat and expands. The expanded air then flows into the jar
of water as air bubbles.
• When the heat source is removed, the air in the test-tube
loses heat and contracts. There is space in the glass bottle
and so water from the jar can enter it as water spout.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Effects of Expansion and Contraction in our Daily Lives

Why are the

wires hung
loosely?

Why are gaps

left in the
pavement and
railway tracks?

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Effects of Expansion and Contraction in our Daily Lives

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Effects of Expansion and Contraction in our Daily Lives

There are gaps in railway tracks or concrete pathways to

allow for expansion on hot days. If these gaps are not
present, the railway tracks may buckle and the concrete
may crack on hot days because there is no space for them
to expand.

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Effects of Expansion and Contraction in our Daily Lives

Some overhead electrical wires are hung loosely instead of

tightly to prevent the overhead wires from snapping due to
contraction.

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Effects of Expansion and Contraction in our Daily Lives

Bicycles tyres are not pumped to the fullest to prevent the

air inside the tyres to expand on hot days and the tyres
may burst.

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Effects of Expansion and Contraction in our Daily Lives

Oh no! The two

glasses are
stuck. How can
I separate
them?

Glass A and glass B are stuck together. We can separate

the two glasses by adding cold water into glass A and
placing glass B in hot water. Glass A loses heat to the cold
water and contracts while glass B gains heat from the hot
water and expands.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Effects of Expansion and Contraction in our Daily Lives

How can you help Tom to bring a dented ping pong ball
back to its original shape?

Can you help Corrine open a jar with a tight cover?

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© 2014 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd