A

SEMINAR
ON
BIOMETRICS
GUIDED BY : SUBMITTED BY :
Prof. Mrs. REKHA JAIN AKSHAT AGRAWAL
Prof. Mrs. S.V.CHARHATE AB-45007
 CONTENTS
• Biometrics
• Benefits Of Biometrics
• How do Biometrics Work
• What Makes a Good Biometric?
• Types Of Biometrics
• Features and Considerations
• Why are biometrics secure?
• Biometrics in Future
• Faqs
 BIOMETRICS
• Biometry or biometrics is simply defined as
automatically recognizing a person using distinguishing
traits.  Biometric identification uses some unique
physiological or behavioural characteristic, not shared
by any other individual, to positively identify an
individual. 
 BENEFITS OF BIOMETRICS

Reliable user authentication is essential. The consequences of

Insecure authentication in a banking or corporate environment
can be catastrophic, with loss of confidential information,
money, and compromised data integrity. Many applications in
everyday life also require user authentication including:

• physical access control to offices or buildings,

• e-commerce,
• Defense
• healthcare and border control, etc.
 Currently, the prevailing techniques of user
authentication are linked to passwords, user IDs,
identification cards and PINs (personal identification
numbers). These techniques suffer from several
limitations:
Passwords and PINs can be guessed, stolen. A
password can be shared, and there is no way for the
system to know who the actual user is.

Existing user authentication techniques include :

• Something you know, e.g. password or PIN. The issue is

that many password are easy to guess, and can also be
easily forgotten.

• Something you have, e.g. key or car. They can be lost,

stolen or duplicated.
Biometric devices normally consist of 3 elements:
• A scanner / reader that captures the user's biometric
characteristics
• A piece of software that converts this data into digital
form and compares it with data previously recorded
• A database, which stores the biometric data
 WHAT MAKES A GOOD BIOMETRIC?

• Unique
• Permanent
• Easy to use
• Fast
• Accurate
• Low cost
• Positive public perception
 Fingerprints
• Fingerprints are the most widely used biometric characteristic

• Fingerprints are usually considered to be unique, with no two fingers

having the exact same dermal ridge characteristics.

• Fingerprints have been routinely used in the forensics community for

over one hundred years. Increasing identity fraud has created a
growing need for biometric technology for person recognition in a
number of non-forensic applications too.

• Fingerprint sensors are best for devices such as cell phones, USB flash
drives, notebook computers and other applications where price, size,
cost and low power are key requirements. Fingerprint biometric
systems are also used for law enforcement, healthcare and welfare.
 FINGERPRINTS
Features Considerations

• Long time use – proven high • Small % of population have

accuracy poor prints due to injury, age,
disease, or occupation
• General ease and speed of use
• Requires physical contact with
• Cheap sensor

• Small size

• Large database already

available
 FACIAL RECOGNITION
• The dimensions, proportions and
physical attributes of a person's face
are unique.
• Biometric facial recognition systems
will measure and analyze the overall
structure, shape and proportions of
the face : Distance between the eyes,
nose, mouth, and jaw edges, etc.
• At enrolment, several pictures are taken of the user's face, with
slightly different angles and facial expressions, to allow for more
accurate matching. For verification and identification, the user
stands in front of the camera for a few seconds, and the scan is
compared with the template previously recorded.
 Facial recognition
Features Considerations

• Can use standard video • Can be affected by

cameras lighting
• Sometimes affected by
• No physical contact eyeglasses, facial hair, or
required expression
• Appearance can change
• Can be fused with skin over time
biometrics to enhance
accuracy
 HAND GEOMETRY

• Measures dimensions of hand, including shape and length of

fingers
• Used extensively for physical access control
- All U.S. nuclear power plants
- DoD
- Airports
• Widely used for employee timekeeping
• Camera positioned above and to side
 HAND GEOMETRY
Features
• Easy to use, fast
• High public acceptance
• Very low Failure to Enroll Rate
• Proven over many years of use
• Primary applications are physical
access and time/attendance
• Rugged
Considerations
• Lack of accuracy, so it can only be
used for verification
• Size of the scanner
• Fairly expensive, compared with
fingerprint systems
• Injuries to hands are fairly
common and would prevent the
hand biometric system from
working properly
 IRIS RECOGNITION

• Captures the pattern of the muscles

present at the back part of eye.
• Measures up to 266 unique features
• Uses near infrared sensor from a
distance of 6 in. to 2 ft.
• Popular for facility access and transportation/border
security
 IRIS RECOGNITION

Features Considerations

• Highly accurate • Can be affected by some eye

• Very stable over lifetime
• Works through glasses and
contacts
• No physical contact required
diseases (cataracts)
• Not affected by common eye
surgeries
• The user must hold still while
the scan is taking place
 Principles of DNA biometrics

• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes containing their DNA

blueprint. One member of each chromosomal pair comes from their
mother, the other comes from their father. Every cell in a human
body contains a copy of this DNA.

Benefits of DNA biometric systems

Accurate: the chance of 2 individuals sharing the
Same DNA profile is less than one in a hundred
billion
Weaknesses of DNA biometric systems
• DNA matching is not done in real-time Intrusive:
Currently takes 12 hours minimum for match
result.
• A physical sample must be taken,while other biometric
systems
only use an image or a recording.
• Identical twins share the same DNA.
 KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS

• Also known as “typing rhythm” or

“typing pattern”

• Analyzes the way a person interacts with

a computer keyboard .

• Measures variables such as key depression time

(duration), latency between keystrokes, inter-keystroke
times, typing error frequency, force keystrokes, etc.
 KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS

Features Considerations

• Not suitable for non-touch typists

• No special capture device (too inconsistent)
required
• Periodic update (adaptation) of
templates may be necessary due
to changes over time
• (low cost)
• Enrollment process somewhat
• Leverages existing lengthy (15 captures)
infrastructure (hardware
• Affected by changes in typing
and process) patterns

• Text dependent
 SIGNATURE VERIFICAION
• Biometric signature recognition systems will measure and analyze
the physical activity of signing, such as the stroke order, the pressure
applied and the speed. Some systems may also compare visual
images of signatures i.e. how it is signed rather than visual, i.e. the
image of the signature.

Benefits of signature biometric systems

• While it is easy to copy the image of a signature, it is extremely

difficult to mimic the behavior of signing

Considerations
• People may not always sign in a consistent manner. Thus periodic
update (adaptation) may be necessary due to changes over time .
 VOICE BIOMETRICS
• Our voices are unique to each person
(including twins), and cannot be exactly
replicated.

• Speech includes two components: a

physiological component (the voice
tract) and a behavioural component
(the accent). It is almost impossible to imitate anyone's voice
perfectly. Voice recognition systems can discriminate between two
very similar voices, including twins.
• During enrollment, the user is prompted to repeat a short
paraphrase or a sequence of numbers. The performance of voice
recognition systems may vary depending on the quality of the audio
signal.
• To prevents the risk of unauthorised access via tape recordings, the
user is asked to repeat random phrases.
 MULTIMODAL BIOMETRICS
• In certain situations, the user might find one form of biometric
identification is not exact enough for identification. This can be the
case with fingerprints, where at least 10% of the population have
worn, cut or unrecognizable prints. Hence the need arises for the
use of multimodal biometrics. This uses a combination of different
biometric recognition technologies.

The benefits of multimodal biometrics

• By using more then one means of biometric identification, the
multimodal biometric identifier can retain high threshold
recognition settings. The system administrator can then decide the
level of security he/she requires. For a high security site, they might
require more than one biometric identifiers to recognize the person
or for a lower security site, only one is used. With this methodology,
the probability of accepting an impostor is greatly reduced.
 Why are biometrics secure?

• Unique: The probability of 2 people sharing the same

biometric data is virtually nil.

• Cannot be shared: Because a biometric property is an

intrinsic property of an individual, it is extremely difficult to
duplicate or share (you cannot give a copy of your face or
your hand to someone!).

• Cannot be copied: Biometric characteristics are nearly

impossible to forge or spoof.

• Cannot be lost: A biometric property of an individual can be

lost only in case of serious accident.
 BIOMETRICS IN FUTURE
• Biometry can sometimes show up in the most unlikely of
places. USA Today recently featured a Siemens
Automotive product in an article entitled "Gizmos Steer
Cars into Future".  The fingerprint sensor works by
reading a fingerprint and adjusting the mirrors, seatings,
and other controls as well as activating the starter for the
automobile.  For those really "bright" thieves that may
consider stealing the owners finger before the
automobile, the sensor foils their plans.  The Siemens
product must also read a small electric pulse present in
all living humans to work.   This electric pulse would be
absent from a severed finger.....good thinking!
THANK YOU
 FAQS
Q. What is the best biometric technology?
A. There is not one single biometric technology that would be ideal for
all applications. Each technology has its own benefits and
weaknesses in terms of accuracy, cost, ease of use, intrusiveness, ease
of deployment.

Q. Can I change my biometrics?

A. Biological biometrics cannot easily be changed (there have been cases
of surgically altered fingerprints), but they can be distiguished. It
may be possible to change a behavioral biometric.