Grouping and Displaying Data: Tables and Graphs

CHAPTER 1
 Content outline

• Arrangement of data.

• Constructing a frequency distribution.

• Graphing frequency distributions

Arrangement of data
Objectives: At the end of the
lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Prepare a stem-and-leaf plot
2. Describe data in textual form
3. Construct frequency distribution table
4. Create graphs
5. Read and interpret graphs and tables
Ungrouped vs. Grouped Data
Data can be classified as grouped or
ungrouped.
Ungrouped data are data that are not
organized, or if arranged, could only be
from highest to lowest or lowest to
highest.
Grouped data are data that are
organized and arranged into different
classes or categories.

MCPegollo/Basic Statistics/SRSTHS
 Arrangement of data

Textual Tabular Graphical

Method Method Method
• Rearrangem • Frequency • Bar Chart
ent from distribution • Histogram
lowest to table (FDT) • Frequency
highest • Relative Polygon
• Stem-and- FDT • Pie Chart
leaf plot • Cumulative • Less than,
FDT greater than
• Contingency Ogive
Table
 Textual Arrangement of data

Data can be presented using

paragraphs or sentences. It involves
enumerating important
characteristics, emphasizing
significant figures and identifying
important features of data.
 Textual Arrangement of data

Example. You are asked to present the

performance of your section in the
Statistics test. The following are the
test scores of your class:
34 42 20 50 17 9 34 43

50 18 35 43 50 23 23 35

37 38 38 39 39 38 38 39

24 29 25 26 28 27 44 44

49 48 46 45 45 46 45 46
Solution
First, arrange the data in order for you to
identify the important characteristics. This
can be done in two ways: rearranging from
lowest to highest or using the stem-and-leaf
plot.
Below is the rearrangement of data from lowest
to highest:
9 23 28 35 38 43 45 48
17 24 29 37 39 43 45 49
18 25 34 38 39 44 46 50
20 26 34 38 39 44 46 50
23 27 35 38 42 45 46 50
With the rearranged data, pertinent data
worth mentioning can be easily
recognized. The following is one way
of presenting data in textual form.

In the Statistics class of 40

students, 3 obtained the perfect score
of 50. Sixteen students got a score of
40 and above, while only 3 got 19 and
below. Generally, the students
performed well in the test with 23 or
70% getting a passing score of 38 and
Another way of rearranging data is by
making use of the stem-and-leaf plot.
What is a stem-and-leaf plot?
Stem-and-leaf Plot is a table which
sorts data according to a certain pattern. It
involves separating a number into two parts.
In a two-digit number, the stem consists of
the first digit, and the leaf consists of the
second digit. While in a three-digit
number, the stem consists of the first two
digits, and the leaf consists of the last digit.
In a one-digit number, the stem is zero.
 Below is the stem-and-leaf plot of the
ungrouped data given in the example.
Stem Leaves
0 9
1 7,8
2 0,3,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3 4,4,5,5,7,8,8,8,8,9,9,9
4 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,8,9
5 0,0,0

Utilizing the stem-and-leaf plot, we can readily see the

order of the data. Thus, we can say that the top ten
got scores 50, 50, 50, 49, 48, 46, 46, 46,45, and 45
and the ten lowest scores are 9, 17, 18, 20,
Exercise:
Prepare a stem-and-leaf plot and
present in textual form.
The ages of
Stem 40 teachers in a public
Leaf
school
2 3,6,7,8,8,9
23 27 28 36 35 38 39 40
32 423 0,1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,8,8,8,8,9,9
44 54 56 48 55 48
30 31 35 36 47 48 43 38
4 0,0,0,2,3,4,4,5,5,7,8,8,8
34 26 28 29 45 34 45 44
5 4,5,6
36 38 39 38 36 35 40 40
 Tabular Arrangement of data
Below is a sample of a table with all of its parts
indicated:
Table Number

Table Title

Column Header

Row Classifier

Body

Source Note

http://www.sws.org.ph/youth.htm
MCPegollo/Basic Statistics/SRSTHS
Frequency Distribution Table
A frequency distribution table is a table
which shows the data arranged into
different classes(or categories) and
the number of cases(or frequencies)
which fall into each class.

The following is an illustration of a

frequency distribution table for
ungrouped data:
MCPegollo/Basic Statistics/SRSTHS
Sample of a Frequency Distribution
Table for Ungrouped Data
Table 1.1
Frequency Distribution for the Ages of 50
Students Enrolled in Statistics
Age Frequency
12 2
13 13
14 27
15 4
16 3
17 1
N = 50

MCPegollo/Basic Statistics/SRSTHS
Sample of a Frequency
Distribution Table for Grouped
Data Table 1.2
Frequency Distribution Table for the Quiz Scores of
50 Students in Geometry

Scores Frequency

0-2 1
3-5 2
6-8 13
9 - 11 15
12 - 14 19

MCPegollo/Basic Statistics/SRSTHS
Lower Class Limits
are the smallest numbers that can actually belong
to different classes
Rating Frequency

0-2 1
3-5 2
6-8 13
9 - 11 15
12 - 14 19
 Lower Class Limits
are the smallest numbers that can
actually belong to different classes
Rating Frequency

0-2 1
Lower Class 3-5 2
Limits 6-8 13
9 - 11 15
12 - 14 19
Upper Class Limits
are the largest numbers that can actually
belong to different classes

Rating Frequency

0-2 1
3-5 2
6-8 13
9 - 11 15
12 - 14 19
Upper Class Limits
are the largest numbers that can actually
belong to different classes

Rating Frequency

Upper Class 0-2 1

Limits 3-5 2
6-8 13
9 - 11 15
12 - 14 19
 Class Boundaries
are the numbers used to separate
classes, but without the gaps created by class
limits
Class Boundaries
number separating classes

Rating Frequency
- 0.5
0-2 20
2.5
3-5 14
5.5
6-8 15
8.5
9 - 11 2
11.5
12 - 14 1
14.5
 Class Boundaries
number separating classes

Rating Frequency
- 0.5
0-2 20
2.5
Class 3-5 14
5.5
Boundaries 6-8 15
8.5
9 - 11 2
11.5
12 - 14 1
14.5
 Class Midpoints
The Class Mark or Class Midpoint is the
respective average of each class limits
 Class Midpoints
midpoints of the classes
Rating Frequency

0-1 2 20
Class
3-4 5 14
Midpoints
6-7 8 15
9 - 10 11 2
12 - 13 14 1
 Class Width
is the difference between two consecutive lower class
limits or two consecutive class boundaries

Rating Frequency

0-2 20
3-5 14
6-8 15
9 - 11 2
12 - 14 1
 Class Width
is the difference between two consecutive lower class
limits or two consecutive class boundaries

Rating Frequency

3 0-2 20
3 3-5 14
Class Width 3 6-8 15
3 9 - 11 2
3 12 - 14 1
Guidelines For Frequency Tables
1. Be sure that the classes are mutually exclusive.

2. Include all classes, even if the frequency is zero.

3. Try to use the same width for all classes.

4. Select convenient numbers for class limits.

5. Use between 5 and 20 classes.

6. The sum of the class frequencies must equal the

number of original data values.
 Constructing A Frequency Table
1. Decide on the number of classes .

2. Determine the class width by dividing the range by the number of

classes (range = highest score - lowest score) and round
up. range
class width round up of
number of classes
3. Select for the first lower limit either the lowest score or a
convenient value slightly less than the lowest score.
4. Add the class width to the starting point to get the second lower
class limit, add the width to the second lower limit to get the
third, and so on.
5. List the lower class limits in a vertical column and enter the
upper class limits.
6. Represent each score by a tally mark in the appropriate class.
Total tally marks to find the total frequency for each class.
Homework
Gather data on the ages of your
classmates’ fathers, include your own.
Construct a frequency distribution table for
the data gathered using grouped and
ungrouped data.
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using ungrouped
frequency distribution table?
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using grouped
frequency distribution table?
MCPegollo/Basic Statistics/SRSTHS
 Relative Frequency Table

class frequency
relative frequency =
sum of all frequencies
 Relative Frequency Table
Relative
Rating Frequency Rating Frequency

0-2 20 0-2 38.5% 20/52 = 38.5%

3-5 14 3-5 26.9%
14/52 = 26.9%
6-8 15 6-8 28.8%
9 - 11 2 9 - 11 3.8% etc.
12 - 14 1 12 - 14 1.9%

Total frequency = 52 Table 2-5

Cumulative Frequency Table
Rating Frequency <cf >cf

0-2 20 20 52
3– 5 14 34 32
Cumulative
6– 8 15 49 18
Frequencies
9 – 11 2 51 3
12 – 14 1 52 1

Table 2-6
 Frequency Tables
Relative Cumulative
Rating Frequency Rating Frequency Rating Frequency

0-2 20 0-2 38.5% 0– 2 20

3-5 14 3-5 26.9% 3– 5 34

6-8 15 6-8 28.8% 6– 8 49

9 - 11 2 9 - 11 3.8% 9 – 11 51

12 - 14 1 12 - 14 1.9% 12 – 14 52

Table 2-3 Table 2-5 Table 2-6

Complete FDT
A complete FDT has class mark or
midpoint (x), class boundaries (c.b),
relative frequency or percentage
frequency, and the less than
cumulative frequency (<cf) and the
greater than cumulative frequency
(>cf).
 Complete Frequency Table
Table 2-6
Grouped Frequency Distribution for the Test
Scores of 52 Students in Statistics
Class Class Relative
Frequency Class
Intervals Boundary Frequency <cf >cf
(ci) (f) Mark (x)
(cb) (rf)
0-2 20 1 -0.5 – 2.5 38.5% 20 52
3– 5 14 4 2.5 – 5.5 26.9% 34 32
6– 8 15 7 5.5 – 8.5 28.8% 49 18
9 – 11 2 10 8.5 – 11.5 3.8% 51 3
12 – 14 1 13 11.5 – 14.5 1.9% 52 1
Exercise:
For each of the following class intervals, give
the class width(i), class mark (x), and class
boundary (cb)
Class interval (ci) Class Width Class Mark Class
Boundary
a. 4 – 8
b. 35 – 44
c. 17 – 21
d. 53 – 57
e. 8 – 11
f. 108 – 119
g. 10 – 19
h. 2.5 – 2. 9
i. 1. 75 – 2. 25
Construct a complete FDT with 7
classes
The following are the IQ scores of 60
student applicants in a certain high
school
128 106 96 94 85 75
113 103 96 91 94 70
109 113 109 100 81 81
103 113 91 88 78 75
106 103 100 88 81 81
113 106 100 96 88 78
96 109 94 96 88 70
103 102 88 78 95 90
99 89 87 96 95 104
89 99 101 105 103 125
Contingency Table
This is a table which shows the data
enumerated by cell. One type of such
table is the “r by c” (r x c) where the
columns refer to “c” samples and the
rows refer to “r” choices or
alternatives.
 Example
Table 1
The Contingency Table for the Opinion of Viewers on
the TV program “Budoy”

Choice/Sample Men Women Children Total

Like the Program 50 56 45 151
Indifferent 23 16 12 51
Do not like the 43 55 40 138
program
Total 116 127 97 340

Give as many findings as you can, and draw as many conclusions

from your findings. The next table can help you identify significant
findings.
Example
Table 1
The Contingency Table for the Opinion of Viewers on
the TV program “Budoy”
Choice/Sampl Men Women Children Total
e
Like the 50 (33%) 56(37%) 45(30%) 151
Program (43%) (44%) (46%) (44%)
Indifferent 23(45%) 16(31%) 12(24%) 51
(20%) (13%) (12%) (15%)
Do not like the 43(53%) 55(40%) 40(29%) 138(41%)
program (37%) (43%) (41%)
Total 116 127 97 340
(34%) (37%) (28%)
Do not use this table for presentation because the percentages might
confuse the readers. Can you explain the percentages in each cell?