205EssentialCroVerbs r2

ESSENTIAL
CROATIAN
VERBS & VERBPAIRS
by Easy-Croatian.com © Daniel N.2016-2018.
March2018
rev. 2
converted using Print Pages to PDF

Contents
Introduction 9
Symbols&Abbreviations 11
Alphabetical List of Verbs 12
Auxiliary andModal Verbs
biti (je² +) be 19
(bude) perf. be 25
htjeti (hoće +,...) want 49
moći (može+,...) can, be ableto 67
morati must, have to 69
smjeti (smije) may, be allowedto 141
trebati need / should 151
GenericVerbs
baviti se² engage,pursue 18
činiti ~ u-(«) do; se² seem 29
dešavati («) se² ~ desiti («) se² happen(colloq.) 33
događati («) se² ~ dogoditi («) se²happen 34
koristitiuse 57
raditi work,do 126
utjecati (utječe)influence 159
Existential andPhase Verbs
nastavljati ~ nastaviticontinue 74
nestajati (nestaje) ~ nestati (nestane)disappear 76
ostajati (ostaje) ~ ostati (ostane) stay,remain 90
počinjati (počinje) ~ početi (počne)begin 104
ponavljati («) ~ ponoviti («)repeat 108
postajati (postaje) ~ postati (postane) become 109
postojati (postoji)exist 111
prekidati («) ~ prekinuti (prekine) interrupt,quit 112
prestajati (prestaje) ~ prestati (prestane) stop,cease 113
trajati (traje) last 149
završavati («) ~ završiti («) finish, end 173
Verbs of Intent, Trying andSuccess
namjeravati («)intend 73
planirati («) ~ is-plan 102
pokušavati («) ~ pokušatitry 106
probati perf. try 120
uspijevati («) ~ uspjeti (uspije,...)succeed 157
usuđivati (usuđuje) se² ~ usuditi («) se² dare 159
željeti (želi,...) want,desire 176
RelationalVerbs
imatihave 53
odnositi («) se² relate; behavetowards 84
ovisiti depend 94
pripadati ~~ pripasti (pripadne)belong 118
uspoređivati (uspoređuje) ~ usporediti («)compare 158
značiti mean,signify 173
EmotionalVerbs
bojati (boji) se² be afraid 21
brinuti (brine) (se²) take care,worry 24
mrziti ~~ za-(«) hate 70
osjećati ~¹ osjetiti feel 89
sviđati se² ~~ svidjeti (svidi,...) se²like 148
uživati («)enjoy 160
voljeti (voli,...) ~~ za-(«) love 164
zanimati («)interest 170
Verbs Related to Thinking andMemory
misliti ~¹ po- think 66
nadati se² ~¹ po-(«)hope 71
pretpostavljati ~ pretpostavitisuppose 114
razmišljati («) ~ razmisliti think (about something) 129
razumjeti (razumije,...) understand 130
shvaćati ~~ shvatitiunderstand 134
sjećati se² ~~ sjetiti se² remember(recall, cometo mind) 135
vjerovati (vjeruje) ~~ po-believe 162
zaboravljati ~ zaboravitiforget 167
zaključivati (zaključuje) ~ zaključiti («)conclude 169
znatiknow 174
Verbs Related to Speech
čuti (čuje) hear 31
dogovarati («) (se²) ~ dogovoriti («) (se²) negotiate,agree 35
govoriti («) ~ reći (reče / kaže,...)say 43
javljati ~ javiti inform, contact 56
lagati (laže) ~ s- lie (tell lies) 61
moliti ~¹ za-(«) kindly ask; pray 68
obećavati («) ~ obećati promise 77
objašnjavati («) ~ objasniti («) explain odgovarati 78
(«) ~ odgovoriti («) answer, reply; suit opisivati 81
(opisuje) ~ opisati (opiše) describe pričati ~ is- («) 86
tell 116
razgovarati («) talk with someone, converse 128
slušatilisten 139
šaliti se² ~ na-joke 149
Verbs of Handling
davati (daje) ~ datigive 32
dobivati («) ~ dobiti (dobije)get 33
nalaziti ~ naći (nađe,...) find 72
primati ~ primiti receive 118
slati (šalje) ~ po-send 139
stavljati ~ stavitiput 146
tražiti look for, ask for 150
uzimati ~ uzeti (uzme) take 160
vući (vuče,...) ~ povući (pouče,...)pull 166
Verbs Related to Body Functions
boljeti (boli,...) ~¹ za-(«) ache, feelpai n 22
buditi ~ pro-(«) wakeu p 26
hraniti ~ na-(«) fee d 49
jesti (jede, jeo) ~po- ea t 56
kupati ~ o-(«) bath e 59
ležati (leži) ~~ leći (legne,...) lie (e.g. on bed) 63
ljubiti ~¹ po-(«) kiss 64
oblačiti («) ~ obući (obuče,...) put on (clothes) 79
piti (pije) ~ po- 100
drink 101
pjevati ~ ot-(«) ~ za- («) sing 127
rađati ~ roditi («) givebirth 136
sjedati ~ sjesti (sjedne, sjeo) sitdown 136
sjeditisit 137
skretati (skreće) ~ skrenuti (skrene) turn (change direction) 140
smijati (smije) se² laugh
spajati ~ spojiticonnect 142
spavati ~~ zaspati (zaspi)sleep 143
stajati (staje) ~ stati (stane) stop, cometohalt 145
stajati (stoji)stand 145
umirati (umire) ~ umrijeti (umre, umro)die 156
živjeti (živi,...)live 177
Verbs of Watching,Drawing, Reading, Writing and Studying
brisati (briše) ~ o- wipe 24
crtati ~ na-draw(a sketch, picture) 27
čitati ~ pro-read 30
gledati ~ po-watch 42
griješiti ~ po-(«) err, makemistake 46
ispravljati ~ ispraviticorrect 54
pitati ~¹ u-(«) ask 99
prevoditi («) ~ prevesti (prevede, preveo) translate 115
rješavati («) ~ riješiti solve (problem); se² get rid of 132
učiti ~ na-(«) learn, study,teach 153
vidjeti (vidi,...) see 161
vježbati practice,rehearse 163
Verbs Related to Everyday Activities
brisati (briše) ~ o- wipe 24
čestitati («)congratulate 28
čistiti ~ o-clean 30
grijati (grije) ~ u-heat, warm 45
hladiti ~ o-(«) cool 48
isključivati (isključuje) ~ isključiti («) exclude; turn off(device) 54
kuhati ~ s-cook 58
kupovati (kupuje) ~ kupiti buy 59
miješati ~ pro-(«) mix, stir; se² meddle 65
otključavati («) ~ otključatiunlock 91
otkrivavati («) ~ otkriti (otkrije) uncover; discover 92
otvarati («) ~ otvoriti («)open 93
pakirati («) ~ s-pack 95
paliti ~ u-(«) ignite, turnon 95
peći (peče,...) ~ ispeći (ispeče,...)bake 97
pisati (piše) ~ na-(«) write 98
plaćati ~ platitipay 102
pokrivavati («) ~ pokriti (pokrije)cover 105
popravljati ~ popraviti fix,repair 108
prati (pere) ~ o-(») wash 111
rezati (reže) ~ od-, pre-cut 131
spremati ~ spremiti tidy; put to its place, store;prepare 144
trošiti ~ po-(«) spend (money,resources) 152
uključivati (uključuje) ~ uključiti («) include, turn on(device) 155
zaključavati («) ~ zaključatilock 168
zatvarati («) ~ zatvoriti («)close 171
zvati (zove)call 175
Verbs of Motion, Carrying, Bringing andTravel
dolaziti ~ doći (dođe, ...)come 36
donositi («) ~ donijeti (donese,...) bring (bycarrying) 37
dovoditi («) ~ dovesti (dovede, doveo) bring (someone) 39
ići (ide,...) go 51
izlaziti ~ izaći (izađe,...) goout 55
kretati (kreće) ~~ krenuti (krene)move 58
letjeti ~ od-(«), do- («) fly 62
nositi carry,wear 76
odlaziti ~ otići (...) leave(places) 82
odnositi («) ~ odnijeti (odnese,...) take (bycarrying) 84
odvoditi («) ~ odvesti (odvede, odveo) take (somebodysomewhere) 85
prolaziti ~ proći (...)pass 122
putovati (putuje) ~ ot-, do-travel 125
skidati ~ skinuti (skine) take off, take down,remove 138
ulaziti ~ ući (...) enter, comein 155
voditi lead,conduct 163
voziti drive 165
zaustavljati ~ zaustaviti halt,stop 172
Verbs Related to Work
odlučivati (odlučuje) ~ odlučiti («)decide 101
pomagati (pomaže) ~ pomoći (pomogne,...)help 132
pripremati («) ~ pripremiti («)prepare 148
provjeravati («) ~ provjeriti check,verify 152
sastajati (sastaje) se² ~¹ sastati (sastane) se² meet (longer meeting, planned) 164
Verbs Related to Physical Activity andFun
bacati ~ bacitithrow 18
bježati (bježi) ~ pobjeći (pobjegne,...) run away,escape 20
boriti se² fight, struggle 23
držati (drži) hold graditi 40
~ iz-,sa- («) build 44
gurati ~ gurnuti (gurne) push 47
hvatati ~ uhvatiti catch igrati 50
~~ za-play (game) 52
padati ~ pasti (padne, pao)fall 94
plivati ~ ot-~ za- swim 103
provoditi («) ~ provesti (provede, proveo) spend(time) 124
rušiti ~~ s- demolish, tear down 132
stizati (stiže) ~ stići (stigne,...) get, arrive, makeontime 147
svirati ~ od-(«) ~ za-(«) play (music) 148
trčati ~ o- ~ po- run 150
udarati ~¹ udariti hit 154
uništavati («) ~ uništitidestroy 156
vraćati ~ vratitireturn 166
OtherVerbs
čuvati keep,guard 32
dopuštati («) ~ dopustiti («) allow, let 38
gasiti ~ u- («) extinguish, turn off 41
gubiti ~ iz- («)lose 47
izgledati («) appear, look, seem 55
krasti (krade, krao) ~ u-(») steal 57
kvariti ~ po-(«) break, spoil 60
micati (miče) ~ maknuti (makne) move, remove 64
napadati ~ napasti (napadne) attack 73
napuštati («) ~ napustiti («) abandon, leave 74
navikavati («) ~ naviknuti (navikne) get used 75
očekivati (očekuje)expect 80
okretati (okreće) ~ okrenuti (okrene) turn 86
opraštati («) ~ oprostitiforgive 87
opuštati («) ~ opustitirelax 88
ostavljati ~ ostaviti leave(things) 91
paziti be careful
96
pokazivati (pokazuje) ~ pokazati (pokaže)show 105
postavljati ~ postaviti set,place 110
pratitifollow 112
prihvaćati ~ prihvatiti (...)accept 117
prodavati (prodaje) ~ prodatisell 121
puštati ~ pustiti release, letgo 124
smetati ~¹ za-disturb, bother, be anuisance 140
205 Essennal Croanan Verbs & Verb Pairs (rev. 2) 9 /177
Introduction
This is a list of the most useful Croatian verbs. The list is based on frequency in movie
subtitles and other sources (I haven’t included verbs related to murderinvestigations,
but morereal life verbs like write, understand, etc.). Verbs are either listed individually, in
verb pairs, and occasionally in triplets.
Abbreviations and stress marks follow the rest of Easy Croatian, i.e. only the place of
stress is marked.
Each verb, or pair, is first listed in the ‘compact form’: the infinitive is always listed, and
after it, in brackets, non-regular forms are listed in the followingorder:
verb inf pres-3 past-m past-f listed as
have imati ima imao imala imati
open otvarati otvara otvarao otvarala otvarati(«)
write pisati piše pisao pisala pisati(piše)
eat jesti jede jeo jela jesti (jede, jeo)
grow rasti raste rastao rasla rasti (raste, rastao, rasla)
see vidjeti vidi vidio vidjela vidjeti (vidi,...)
Since all forms of the verb imati have are fully regular, only inf has to be listed; for
pisati write, pres-3 has to be listed as well, and so on. However, a verb has a regular
pres-3, just with a shifted stress one syllable left in the Standard scheme, only « is
written, instead of the full pres-3form.
For verbs like vidjeti see, where past-f is predictably vid-io and past-f is vid-jela, I’ll list
only ... instead of past forms.
(This wayof listing verbs is specific to Easy Croatian; unfortunately, there’sno
established way of listing verbs with their forms, usually just infis listed).
For brevity, in this work, there’s usually just ... when the verb has both past-m and
past-f irregular, since forms are listed later anyway.
Then, I’ve listed the 10 most important forms for each verb. For a great majority of
verbs, all those forms follow regularly from the infinitive (inf) or 3rd pers. present (pres-
3). Nevertheless, even the fully regular verbs (e.g. imati have) have the 10 forms listed.
For all verbs, except the verb biti be, forms of the present tense follow this pattern:
205 Essennal Croanan Verbs &Verb Pairs (rev. 2) 10 /177
singular plural
1st pres-1 pres-3 + mo
2nd pres-3 + š pres-3 + te
3rd pres-3 pres-3pl
The past forms of most verbs are regular. If they are not regular, they can all be
derived from the past-f form, except for thepast-m form.
The imperative forms in plural are always derived from the 2ndpers. singular form of
imperative (imper-2) by the same endingsas in the present tenseplural:
imperative plural
1st imper-2 + mo
2nd imper-2 +te
Forms for marginal tenses (i.e. aorist and imperfect) are notlisted.
With each verb (or pair) various ways to use it are listed, and each wayhas at least
oneexample.
Verbs are individually, or in aspect pairs (occasionally triplets). Imperfective (impf.)
verbs stand for continuous actions or states, without any reference to start or
completion. There are basically three types of non-imperfectiveverbs:
perfective inchoative semelfactive
(accomplishment) (start-of-state) (atomic / brief)
pročitati zaspati (zaspi) kihnuti(kihne)

readthrough fall asleep sneeze(once)
For each semelfactive or inchoative verb, its meaning is explained, and there’s an
example of itsuse.
I have to thank Paddy Burton whohas corrected many details in Englishtranslations.
Symbols &Abbreviations
The following symbols and abbreviations are used in thetext:
² second-position word(also calledenclitic)
¨ word pronouncedwith the following word (also calledproclitic)
~ verb aspect pair (or triplet)
~~ verb pair, with an ‘inchoative’ perf. verb (i.e. start of state)
~¹ verb pair, with a ‘semelfactive’ perf. verb (i.e. single or shortevent)
« stress movesone syllable to the left (in the Standardscheme)
» stress movesone syllable to the right
+ irregular forms in the presenttense
a stressedvowel
i letter i silent in speech of most Croatians
lit. literally, word-for-word translation to English
N nominative case (the defaultcase)
A accusative case (the object case)
DL dative/locativecase
G genitivecase
I instrumental case
pres-1 present form of a verb, 1st person singular
pres-3 present form of a verb, 3rd person singular
pres-3pl present form of a verb, 3rd person plural
imper-2 imperative form of a verb, 2nd person singular
inf infinitive, which is the dictionary form of a verb
past-m,past-f past participles of a verb, masculine and feminineform
pres. adv. present adverb (sometimes used as an adjective as well)
pass. adj. passiveadjective
impf. imperfective(verb)
inch. ‘inchoative’ (perfective verb for the start of state)
perf. perfective (verb)
smlf. ‘semelfactive’ (perfective verb for a single or short event)
Alphabetical List of Verbs

bacati ~ bacitithrow 18
baviti se² engage,pursue 18
biti (je² +) be 19
bježati (bježi) ~ pobjeći (pobjegne,...) run away,escape 20
bojati (boji) se² be afraid 21
boljeti (boli,...) ~¹ za-(«) ache, feelpain 22
boriti se² fight, struggle 23
brinuti (brine) (se²) take care,worry 24
brisati (briše) ~ o-wipe 24
(bude) perf. be 25
buditi ~ pro-(«) wakeup 26
crtati ~ na-draw(a sketch, picture) 27
čekati wait 27
čestitati («)congratulate 28
činiti ~ u-(«) do; se² seem 29
čistiti ~ o-clean 30
čitati ~ pro-read 30
čuti (čuje) hear 31
čuvati keep,guard 32
davati (daje) ~ datigive 32
dešavati («) se² ~ desiti («) se² happen(colloq.) 33
dobivati («) ~ dobiti (dobije)get 33
događati («) se² ~ dogoditi («) se² happen 34
dogovarati («) (se²) ~ dogovoriti («) (se²) negotiate,agree 35
dolaziti ~ doći (dođe, ...)come 36
donositi («) ~ donijeti (donese,...) bring (bycarrying) 37
dopuštati («) ~ dopustiti («) allow,let 38
dovoditi («) ~ dovesti (dovede, doveo) bring(someone) 39
držati (drži)hold
40
gasiti ~ u- («) extinguish, turn off 41
gledati ~ po- watch 42
govoriti («) ~ reći (reče / kaže,...) say 43
graditi ~ iz-,sa- («) build
grijati (grije) ~ u-heat, warm 44
griješiti ~ po-(«) err, makemistake 45
gubiti ~ iz- («) lose 46
47
gurati ~ gurnuti (gurne) push 47

hladiti ~ o-(«) cool 48
hraniti ~ na-(«)feed 49
htjeti (hoće +,...) want 49
hvatati ~ uhvatiti catch 50
ići (ide,...)go 51
igrati ~~ za-play (game) 52
imatihave 53
isključivati (isključuje) ~ isključiti («) exclude; turn off(device) 54
ispravljati ~ ispraviticorrect 54
izgledati («) appear, look, seem 55
izlaziti ~ izaći (izađe,...) goout 55
javljati ~ javiti inform,contact 56
jesti (jede, jeo) ~ po-eat 56
koristitiuse 57
krasti (krade, krao) ~ u-(») steal 57
kretati (kreće) ~~ krenuti (krene)move 58
kuhati ~ s- cook 58
kupati ~ o-(«) bathe 59
kupovati (kupuje) ~ kupitibuy 59
kvariti ~ po-(«) break,spoil 60
lagati (laže) ~ s- lie (tell lies) 61
letjeti ~ od-(«), do- («) fly 62
ležati (leži) ~~ leći (legne,...) lie (e.g. on bed) 63
ljubiti ~¹ po-(«) kiss 64
micati (miče) ~ maknuti (makne) move,remove 64
miješati ~ pro-(«) mix, stir; se²meddle 65
misliti ~¹ po- think 66
moći (može+,...) can, be ableto 67
moliti ~¹ za-(«) kindly ask;pray 68
morati must, have to 69
mrziti ~~ za-(«) hate 70
nadati se² ~¹ po-(«)hope 71
nalaziti ~ naći (nađe,...)find 72
namjeravati («)intend 73
napadati ~ napasti (napadne)attack 73
napuštati («) ~ napustiti («) abandon,leave 74
nastavljati ~ nastaviticontinue
74
navikavati («) ~ naviknuti (navikne) get used 75

nestajati (nestaje) ~ nestati (nestane)disappear 76
nositi carry,wear 76
obećavati («) ~ obećati promise 77
objašnjavati («) ~ objasniti («)explain 78
oblačiti («) ~ obući (obuče,...) put on(clothes) 79
očekivati (očekuje)expect 80
odgovarati («) ~ odgovoriti («) answer, reply; suit 81
odlaziti ~ otići (...) leave(places) 82
odlučivati (odlučuje) ~ odlučiti («)decide 83
odnositi («) ~ odnijeti (odnese,...) take (bycarrying) 84
odnositi («) se² relate; behavetowards 84
odvoditi («) ~ odvesti (odvede, odveo) take (somebodysomewhere) 85
okretati (okreće) ~ okrenuti (okrene) turn 86
opisivati (opisuje) ~ opisati (opiše)describe 86
opraštati («) ~ oprostitiforgive 87
opuštati («) ~ opustitirelax 88
osjećati ~¹ osjetiti feel 89
ostajati (ostaje) ~ ostati (ostane) stay,remain 90
ostavljati ~ ostaviti leave(things) 91
otključavati («) ~ otključatiunlock 91
otkrivavati («) ~ otkriti (otkrije) uncover; discover 92
otvarati («) ~ otvoriti («)open 93
ovisitidepend
94
padati ~ pasti (padne, pao)fall 94
pakirati («) ~ s- pack 95
paliti ~ u-(«) ignite, turn on 95
paziti becareful
96
peći (peče,...) ~ ispeći (ispeče,...)bake
pisati (piše) ~ na-(«) write 97
pitati ~¹ u-(«) ask 98
99
piti (pije) ~ po- drink 100
pjevati ~ ot-(«) ~ za- («) sing 101
plaćati ~ platiti pay 102
planirati («) ~ is-plan 102
plivati ~ ot-~ za- swim 103
počinjati (počinje) ~ početi (počne)begin 104
pokazivati (pokazuje) ~ pokazati (pokaže)show 105
pokrivavati («) ~ pokriti (pokrije)cover 105
pokušavati («) ~ pokušatitry 106
pomagati (pomaže) ~ pomoći (pomogne,...)help 107

ponavljati («) ~ ponoviti («)repeat 108
popravljati ~ popraviti fix,repair 108
postajati (postaje) ~ postati (postane) become 109
postavljati ~ postaviti set,place 110
postojati (postoji)exist 111
prati (pere) ~ o-(») wash 111
pratitifollow 112
prekidati («) ~ prekinuti (prekine) interrupt,quit 112
prestajati (prestaje) ~ prestati (prestane) stop,cease 113
pretpostavljati ~ pretpostavitisuppose 114
prevoditi («) ~ prevesti (prevede, preveo)translate 115
pričati ~ is- («) tell 116
prihvaćati ~ prihvatiti (...)accept 117
primati ~ primiti receive 118
pripadati ~~ pripasti (pripadne)belong 118
pripremati («) ~ pripremiti («)prepare 119
probati perf. try 120
prodavati (prodaje) ~ prodatisell 121
prolaziti ~ proći (...) pass 122
provjeravati («) ~ provjeriti check,verify 123
provoditi («) ~ provesti (provede, proveo) spend(time) 124
puštati ~ pustiti release, letgo 124
putovati (putuje) ~ ot-, do- travel 125
raditi work, do 126
rađati ~ roditi («) givebirth 127
razgovarati («) talk with someone, converse 128
razmišljati («) ~ razmisliti think (about something) 129
razumjeti (razumije,...) understand 130
rezati (reže) ~ od-, pre-cut 131
rješavati («) ~ riješiti solve (problem); se² get ridof 132
rušiti ~~ s- demolish, tear down 132
sastajati (sastaje) se² ~¹ sastati (sastane) se² meet (longer meeting, planned) 133
shvaćati ~~ shvatitiunderstand 134
sjećati se² ~~ sjetiti se² remember(recall, cometo mind) 135
sjedati ~ sjesti (sjedne, sjeo) sitdown 136
sjeditisit 136
skretati (skreće) ~ skrenuti (skrene) turn (change direction) 137
skidati ~ skinuti (skine) take off, take down,remove 138
slati (šalje) ~ po- send 139
slušatilisten 139
smetati ~¹ za-disturb, bother, be anuisance 140
smijati (smije) se² laugh 140
smjeti (smije) may, be allowed to 141
spajati ~ spojiticonnect 142
spavati ~~ zaspati (zaspi)sleep 143
spremati ~ spremiti tidy; put to its place, store;prepare 144
stajati (staje) ~ stati (stane) stop, cometohalt 145
stajati (stoji)stand 145
stavljati ~ staviti put 146
stizati (stiže) ~ stići (stigne,...) get, arrive, makeontime 147
sviđati se² ~~ svidjeti (svidi,...) se²like 148
svirati ~ od-(«) ~ za-(«) play (music) 148
šaliti se² ~ na- joke 149
trajati (traje)last 149
tražiti look for, ask for 150
trčati ~ o- ~ po- run 150
trebati need / should 151
trošiti ~ po-(«) spend (money,resources) 152
učiti ~ na-(«) learn, study,teach 153
udarati ~¹ udariti hit 154
uključivati (uključuje) ~ uključiti («) include, turn on(device) 155
ulaziti ~ ući (...) enter, comein 155
umirati (umire) ~ umrijeti (umre, umro)die 156
uništavati («) ~ uništitidestroy 156
uspijevati («) ~ uspjeti (uspije,...)succeed 157
uspoređivati (uspoređuje) ~ usporediti («)compare 158
usuđivati (usuđuje) se² ~ usuditi («) se² dare 159
utjecati (utječe)influence 159
uzimati ~ uzeti (uzme) take 160
uživati («)enjoy 160
vidjeti (vidi,...) see 161
vjerovati (vjeruje) ~~ po-believe 162
voditi lead,conduct 163
voljeti (voli,...) ~~ za-(«) love 164
vozitidrive 165
vući (vuče,...) ~ povući (pouče,...)pull 166
vraćati ~ vratiti return 166
zaboravljati ~ zaboravitiforget 167

zaključavati («) ~ zaključatilock 168
zaključivati (zaključuje) ~ zaključiti («)conclude 169
zanimati («)interest 170
zatvarati («) ~ zatvoriti («)close 171
zaustavljati ~ zaustaviti halt,stop 172
završavati («) ~ završiti («) finish, end 173
znatiknow 174
zvati (zove)call 175
željeti (želi,...) want,desire 176
živjeti (živi,...)live 177
bacati ~ bacitithrow
impf. perf. impf. perf.
pres-1 bacam bacim inf bacati baciti
pres-3 baca baci past-m bacao bacio
pres-3pl bacaju bace past-f bacala bacila
pres. adv. bacajući — pass. adj. bacan bačen
imper-2 bacaj baci gerund bacanje —
Thisverbpairis usedwithobjectsin A:
Goranje bacioloptu.Goranthrewthe ball.
Thepairis usedwithoptionaldestinations,whichcanbepersonsinDL:
Goranje bacioloptuAni.GoranthrewtheballtoAna.
Anaje bacilamajicuuormar.AnathrewtheT-shirtintothewardrobe.
bavitise²engage, pursue
pres-1 bavim inf baviti
pres-3 bavi past-m bavio pres-3pl
bave past-f bavila pres. adv. baveći
pass.adj. —
imper-2 bavi gerund bavljenje
This verb is hard to translate into English, it meanssomeone is regularly pursuing

something, either professionally or in their free time. It’s used with objects in I:
Ivansebavitrčanjem.Ivandoes running.
biti (je² +) be
clitic stressed neg.
pres-1 sam² jesam nisa inf biti
m
pres-2 si² jesi nisi past-m
bio
pres-3 je² je nije past-f
bil
a
pres-1pl smo² jesmo nism pass. adj. —
o
pres-2pl ste² jeste niste gerund —
pres-3pl su² jesu nisu
pres.adv. — budući* —
This is the most frequent verb in Croatian. It’s also used as an auxiliary verb, to form
imper-2 — budi —
the past tense. Normally, only clitic forms in the present tense are used. Stressed
forms are used when the verb is emphasized, or when it mustappear at the first
position in a sentence. It has special negative forms in the present tense. It’s used to
indicate states of subject, with adjectivesin N:
Ana je gladna. Anaishungry.
Goran je žedan. Goranis thirsty.
It’s also used to indicate location of thesubject:
Ana je na moru. Anais at theseaside.
With the preposition kod¨+ G, it can indicate a location at someone’s shop, office or
home:
Ivan je kod Ane. Ivan is at Ana’s place(home).
It also indicates temporary possession of movable things, like cards, money, items,
cars, etc.:
Karte su kod Ane. Ana has thetickets
In specific circumstances, it’s replaced bythe verb(bude).
The present adverb budući is also used as a true adjective, meaning future; for
example, future tense is buduće vrijeme, literally futuretime.
bježati (bježi) ~ pobjeći (pobjegne,...) run away,escape

pres-1 bježim pobjegnem inf bježati pobjeći
pres-3 bježi pobjegne pres- past-m bježao pobjegao
3pl bježe pobjegnu pres. adv. past-f bježala pobjegla
bježeći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 bježi * — gerund bježanje —
* The imperative is sometimesshortened to just bjež, when used as an exclamation.

Thisverbpairis usedwithoptional originsanddestinations:
Goran je pobjegao u sobu. Goranran away to the room.
It can be also used with persons in DL, indicating whowas supposedto be "in control"
of someone:
Goran je pobjegao Ani. Goranran away from Ana.
The pair also appears as Ikavian: bižati (biži) ~ pobići(pobigne)
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: bežati (beži) ~ pobeći(pobegne)
bojati (boji) se² be afraid

pres-1 bojim inf bojati
pres-3 boji past-m bojao
pres-3pl boje past-f bojala
pres. adv. bojeći pass. adj. —
imper-2 boj(i) gerund *
* There’s no regular verbal noun; the noun strah fear can be used when needed.
This verb is always used with a se².
It can be used with objects in G, indicating source of fear:
Goran se boji pasa. Goranis afraid of dogs.
It is also often used with fear clauses, where any type of verb can be used in anytense:
Ana se boji [da će biti hladno]. Ana is afraid that it will becold.
boljeti (boli,...) ~¹ za-(«) ache, feel pain

impf. smlf. impf. smlf.
pres-1 bolim zabolim inf boljeti zaboljeti
pres-3 boli zaboli past-m bolio zabolio
pres-3pl bole zabole past-f boljela zaboljela
pres. adv. — — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — — gerund * —
* There’s no regular verbal noun; the noun bol f pain can be used when needed.
This verb pair is used unlike in English: the body part that hurts is the subject, while the
person whofeels the pain is the object inA:
Anu boli zub. Ana’s teethhurts.
Boljela menoga. Myleg hashurt.
The verb zaboljeti («) is semelfactive, i.e. usually stands for a ‘single’, brief or short
pain; sometimes, it can also stand for pain that started at some definitetime.
Anu je zabolio zub. Ana’s teeth hurt for a moment. (or: started tohurt)
The verb also appears as Ikavian: boliti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: boleti (boli)
boriti se² fight, struggle

pres-1 borim inf boriti
pres-3 bori past-m borio
pres-3pl bore past-f borila
pres. adv. boreći pass. adj. —
imper-2 bori gerund *
* There’s no regular verbal noun; the noun borba fight is used when needed.
This verb is always used with a se².
Whenyou are fighting against someone or something, it can be expressed with protiv
+G:
Policija se bori protiv zločina. The police fight (against)crime.
(Noticethat policija is anordinarysingularnouninCroatian.)
It’s more commonto express whoor what is fought using s¨/ sa¨+ I:
Ana se bori sa snom. Anais fighting sleep. (lit.‘dream’)
Unlike in English, this verb cannot be used with simple objects (e.g. fight sleep).
This verb can be used with atemporalclauses (where only present tense can be used, of
both perf. and impf. verbs) –they represent a desire or goal here. In this use, English
prefers the verbstruggle:
Mnogi se bore [da nađu posao]. Manyare struggling to find a job.
brinuti (brine) (se²) take care, worry

pres-1 brinem inf brinuti
pres-3 brine past-m brinuo
pres-3pl brinu past-f brinula
pres. adv. brinući pass. adj. —
imper-2 brini gerund *
* There’s no regular verbal noun; the noun briga care is used when needed.
This verb is used with an optional object, expressed with o¨+ DL:
Ana brine o Goranu. Ana takes care of Goran.
brisati (briše) ~ o- wipe

pres-1 brišem obrišem inf brisati obrisati
pres-3 briše obriše past-m brisao obrisao
pres-3pl brišu obrišu past-f brisala obrisala
pres. adv. brišući— pass. adj. brisan obrisan
imper-2 briši obriši gerund brisanje —
This verb pair is used with an object in A:

Goran briše ruke. Goranis wiping hishands.
Whensomeone is wiping themselves, a true reflexive se² is used, i.e. it can be
emphasizedas sebe:
Goran se briše. Goranis wipinghimself.
(bude) perf. be
pres-1 budem
pres-3 bude
pres-3pl budu
pres. adv. —
imper-2 —
This verb is a replacement for biti (je² +) be in specific circumstances. It can be used
when describing occasional things, happening in the past and future, using the present
tense:
Ponekad bude hladno ujutro. Sometimes it gets cold in themorning.
It’s also used in clauses that use present tense to indicate future events, with verbs
expressing desires, plans or expectations:
Ana želi [da bude sunčano]. Anawantsit to besunny.
buditi ~ pro-(«) wakeup

pres-1 budim probudim inf buditi probuditi
pres-3 budi probudi past-m budio probudio
pres-3pl bude probude past-f budila probudila
pres. adv. budeći — pass. adj. buđen probuđen
imper-2 budi probudi gerund buđenje —
This verb pair is usually used with se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. somebody
wakes up on his or herown:
Goran se budi. Goranis wakingup.
Goran se probudio. Goranwokeup.
This verb pair can be also used with an object in A, when someone is waking / has
woken someone elseup:
Ana je probudila Gorana. Anahas wokenGoranup.
crtati ~ na-draw (a sketch, picture)

pres-1 crtam nacrtam inf crtati nacrtati
pres-3 crta nacrta past-m crtao pres-3pl crtaju nacrtao
nacrtaju past-f crtala pres. adv. crtajući — nacrtala
pass.adj. crtan nacrtan
imper-2 crtaj nacrtaj gerund crtanje *
* There’s no perfective verbal noun, but the noun crtež can be used instead, it also
translates to English drawing, but in the sense of a result, i.e. what is drawn on a
surface.
This verb pair meansonly draw drawingsor lines on some surface. It’s used with an
optional object in A (mandatory for the perf. verb):
Goran crta. Goranisdrawing.
Goran je nacrtao psa. Goranhas drawna dog.
čekati wait
pres-1 čekam inf čekati
pres-3 čeka past-m čekao
pres-3pl čekaju past-f čekala
pres. adv. čekajući pass. adj. —
imper-2 čekaj * gerund čekanje
* The imperative čekaj is often shortened to just ček, used as an exclamation.

This verb is used with an optional object in A:
Ivan čeka vlak. Ivan is waiting for a train.
It can be used with atemporalclauses (where only present tense can be used, of both
perf. and impf. verbs) –when waiting for somethingto happen:
Ivan čeka [da Ana dođe kući]. Ivan is waiting for Anato come home.
čestitati («) congratulate

pres-1 čestitam inf čestitati
pres-3 čestita past-m čestitao pres-3pl
čestitaju past-f čestitala pres. adv.
čestitajući pass.adj. —
imper-2 čestitaj gerund čestitanje*
* As a verbal noun, the noun čestitka is morecommon.

The recipient of congratulation is expressed in DL:
Čestitao sam Ani. I congratulatedAna.
The occasion for congratulation is usually expressed with na¨+DL:
Čestitao sam imna pobjedi. I congratulated themon the victory.
činiti ~ u-(«) do; se² seem

pres-1 činim učinim inf činiti učiniti
pres-3 čini učini past-m činio učinio
pres-3pl čine učine past-f činila učinila
pres. adv. čineći — pass. adj. — učinjen
imper-2 čini učini gerund činjenje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun čin actis used sometimes.
This verb pair is mostly used with se², in meaning seem – the person whothinks so can
be expressed in DL. A content clause is often the subject (the verb is then always in the
3rdperson,singular,neuterinthe past):
Čini mi se [da pada kiša]. It seems to me(that) it’sraining.
Činilo mi se [da je hladno]. It seemed to me(that) it wascold.
The subject can be a noun, or a pronoun, but then the verb izgledati («) is used more
often.
Also, the verbs, without se², meando. Such use appearsmostly in phrases:
Dobro je činiti dobro. ‘To do goodis good.’
čistiti ~ o- clean
pres-1 čistim očistim inf čistiti očistiti
pres-3 čisti očisti past-m čistio očistio
pres-3pl čiste očiste past-f čistila očistila
pres. adv. čisteći — pass. adj. čišćen očišćen
imper-2 čisti očisti gerund čišćenje —
This verb is used with an optional object in A(mandatory for the perf.verb):
Ivan čisti auto. Ivan is cleaning the car.
čitati ~ pro- read

pres-1 čitam pročitam inf čitati pročitati
pres-3 čita pročita past-m čitao pročitao
pres-3pl čitaju pročitaju past-f čitala pročitala
pres. adv. čitajući — pass. adj. čitan pročitan
imper-2 čitaj pročitaj gerund čitanje —
This verb pair is used with an optional object in A(mandatory for the perf.verb):
Ana čita. Anais reading.
Ana čita knjigu. Anais reading abook.
Ana je pročitala knjigu. Ana has read the bookthrough.
With these sentences, a person in DL can be added to express reading tosomeone:
Ana čita knjigu Goranu. Anais reading the book to Goran.
This verb pair can also be used with content clauses, starting with da or a question-
word (all tenses can beused):
Ana je pročitala [što se dogodilo]. Ana has read what hadhappened.
čuti (čuje) hear

pres-1 čujem inf čuti
pres-3 čuje past-m čuo
pres-3pl čuju past-f čula
pres. adv. čujući pass. adj. —
imper-2 čuj gerund —
Thisverbbehaves partly like a perf. verb,butit’s usedinthepresenttense,inmeaning

canhear.
It’s used with an object in A:
Čujem pticu. I can hear abird.
With se², it gets mediopassive meaning, that is, something(in N) can beheard:
Ptica se čuje. Abird can be heard.
This verb can also be used with content clauses, starting with da or a question-word
(all tenses can be used):
Čuo sam[da je Goran na igralištu]. I heard Goranwason the playground.
Ana je čula [što se dogodilo]. Anaheard what hadhappened.
čuvati keep,guard
pres-1 čuvam inf čuvati
pres-3 čuva past-m čuvao
pres-3pl čuvaju past-f čuvala
pres. adv. čuvajući pass. adj. čuvan
imper-2 čuvaj gerund čuvanje
It’s used with an object in A:

Ana čuva pisma u ladici. Anakeeps letters in the drawer.
davati (daje) ~ datigive

pres-1 dajem dam inf davati dati
pres-3 daje da past-m davao dao
pres-3pl daju daju past-f davala dala
pres. adv. dajući * — pass. adj. davan dan / dat
imper-2 daj * daj gerund davanje—
* The impf. verb has also a couple of alternative forms: pres. adv. davajući and imper- 2
davaj.
It’s usedwithanobject inAandanoptional recipient inDL:
Ana je dala knjigu Ivani. Anahas given the book toIvana.
dešavati («) se² ~ desiti («) se² happen (colloq.)

pres-1 dešavam desim inf dešavati desiti
pres-3 dešava desi past-m dešavao desio
pres-3pl dešavaju dese past-f dešavala desila
imper-2 — — gerund dešavanje —
This verb pair is always used with a se².

It’s considered non-standard, but it’s frequent in speech and casual writing. The impf.
verb usually corresponds to go on, while perf. corresponds tohappen:
Nešto se dešava u dvorištu. Somethingis going on in the yard.
Nešto se desilo jučer. Somethinghappenedyesterday.
Persons affected can be expressed in DL:
Nešto namse desilo jučer. Somethinghappened to usyesterday.
dobivati («) ~ dobiti (dobije)get

pres-1 dobivam* dobijem* inf dobivati dobiti
pres-3 dobiva * dobije* past-m dobivao dobio
pres-3pl dobivaju * dobiju * past-f dobivala dobila
pres. adv. dobivajući — pass. adj. — dobiven
imper-2 — — gerund dobivanje —
* There are alternative, non-standard present forms dobija and dobi.

This verb pair is used with an object in A (more or less mandatory):
Ana je dobila poruku. Anahas got a message.
The origin can be expressed byadding od¨+G:
Anaje dobilaporuku od Ivana. Anahasgotamessage from Ivan.
događati («) se² ~ dogoditi («) se²happen

pres-1 događam dogodim inf događati dogoditi
pres-3 događa dogodi past-m događao dogodio
pres-3pl događaju dogode past-f događala dogodila
imper-2 — — gerund događanje*
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun događaj event is used when needed.
This verb pair is always used with a se². The impf. verb usually corresponds to go on,
while perf. corresponds to happen:
Nešto se događa u dvorištu. Somethingis going on in the yard.
Nešto se dogodilo jučer. Somethinghappenedyesterday.
Persons affected can be expressed in DL:
Nešto namse dogodilo jučer. Somethinghappened to usyesterday.
dogovarati («) (se²) ~ dogovoriti («) (se²) negotiate,agree

pres-1 dogovaram dogovorim inf dogovarati dogovoriti
pres-3dogovaradogovoripast-mdogovaraodogovorio pres-3pldogovaraju
dogovorepast-fdogovaraladogovorila pres. adv. dogovarajući —pass.
adj. dogovarandogovoren imper-2dogovaraj dogovorigerunddogovaranje
*
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun dogovor agreement is used when
needed.
This verb pair used with se². Persons agreeing can besubjects, or one can beexpressed
with s¨/ sa¨+I::
Ana i Goran su se dogovorili. Ana andGoranmadean agreement.
Ana se dogovorila s Goranom. Anamadean agreement withGoran.
If you want to express what was agreed, it’s usually expressed with a da-clause, in any
tense. Whensuch clause is used, the particle se² is sometimesleft out:
Ana i Goran su se dogovorili [da će ići u kino]. AnaandGoranhas agreed [to go to the
cinema].
dolaziti ~ doći (dođe, ...) come

pres-1 dolazim dođem inf dolaziti doći
pres-3 dolazi dođe past-m dolazio pres-3pl došao
dolaze dođu past-f dolazila pres. adv. dolazeći došla
— pass.adj. — —
imper-2 dolazi dođi gerund dolaženje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun dolazak (dolask-) arrival is used when
needed.
Thisverbpairis usedwithoptional destinationsandorigins:
Goran je došao u sobu. Gorancameto theroom.
Goran je došao s igrališta. Gorancamefrom theplayground.
As with other verbs of motion, if someone came somewhere to pick up something, it
can be expressed with po¨+ A:
Goran je došao po čistu majicu. Gorancameto take a clean shirt.
Also, as with other verbs of motion, if someone came somewhere to do something, it
can be expressed with inf, and objects etc. can be added to it:
Goran je došao popiti vode. Gorancameto drink somewater.
donositi («) ~ donijeti (donese,...) bring (by carrying)

pres-1 donosim donesem inf donositi donijeti
pres-3 donosi donese past-m donosio donio
pres-3pl donose donesu past-f donosila donijela
pres. adv. donoseći — donesen
pass. adj. donošen
imper-2 donosi donesi donijet
gerund donošenje—
Thisverbpairis usedwithobjects in A,andoptional destinationsandorigins:

Goranje donioknjiguusobu.Goranbroughtthebooktotheroom.
Destinationscanbepersonsin DL:
Anaje donijela Goranu sladoled. AnahasbroughtGorananice-cream.
The verb pair is used only for bringing portable things (e.g. keys), weather (e.g. rain),
abstract things (e.g. happiness) and small animals (e.g. hamster) that are carried. For
everythingelse,dovoditi(«)~dovesti (dovede,doveo)bring(someone)is used.
The perf. verb also appears as Ikavian: doniti (donese)
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: doneti (donese)
dopuštati («) ~ dopustiti («) allow,let

pres-1 dopuštam dopustim inf dopuštati dopustiti
pres-3 dopušta dopusti past-m dopuštao pres-3pl dopustio
dopuštaju dopuste past-f dopuštala pres. adv. dopustila
dopuštajući — pass.adj. — dopušten
imper-2 dopuštaj dopusti gerund dopuštanjedopuštenje
This verb pair is used with atemporalclauses (where only present tense can be used, of
both perf. and impf. verbs),where persons in DL are allowed (bythe subject) to do what
is expressed by theclause:
Ana je dopustila Goranu [da gleda film]. Anahas let Goranwatch themovie.
As with other atemporalclauses, the pronoun to can be usedinstead:
Ana to nije dopustila Goranu. Anadidn’t allow Goranthat.
dovoditi («) ~dovesti(dovede, doveo)bring (someone)

pres-1 dovodim dovedem inf dovoditi dovesti
pres-3 dovodi dovede past-m dovodio doveo
pres-3pl dovode dovedu past-f dovodila dovela
pres. adv. dovodeći —imper-2 pass. adj. dovođen doveden
dovodi dovedi gerund dovođenje —
This verb pair is used with objects in A, and optional destinationsand origins. The
objects are always persons, including babies, or animals that walk (cats, dogs, horses,
etc.):
Ana je dovela Goranau školu. AnabroughtGoranto school.
Bringing anything else is expressed bydonositi («) ~ donijeti (donese,...) bring (by
carrying).
držati (drži) hold

pres-1 držim inf držati
pres-3 drži past-m držao
pres-3pl drže past-f držala
pres. adv. držeći pass. adj. držan
imper-2 drži gerund držanje
This verb is used with an object in A:

Goran drži loptu. Goranis holding a ball.
Whatis used for catching is expressed in I:
Goran drži loptu rukama. Goranis holding a ball with his hands.
If you want to express that somethingis held bya part, you should use za¨+A:
Goran je držao Anu za ruku. Goranheld Anaby herhand.
Whensomeone is holding somethingto support themselves, a se² mustbe used,with
za¨+ A:
Goran se drži za ruku. Goranis holding on to thefence.
gasiti ~ u-(«) extinguish, turn off

pres-1 gasim ugasim inf gasiti ugasiti
pres-3 gasi ugasi past-m gasio pres-3pl gase ugasio
ugase past-f gasila pres. adv. gaseći — ugasila
pass.adj. gašen ugašen
imper-2 gasi ugasi gerund gašenje—
This verb pair can be used with an object in A –for things that burn, but also for lights,
engines, cars, TV and manyotherthings:
Ugasili su vatru. They’ve extinguished thefire.
Ugasit ću televiziju. I’ll turn the TV off.
This verb pair can be also used with se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
happens or has happenedto the subject, but wedon’t say whois causing it, or it
happens on its own, fire stops on its own, some device turns off byitself,etc.:
Svijeća se ugasila. The candle has burnedout.
The opposite meaning is expressed by paliti ignite, turnon.
gledati ~ po- watch

pres-1 gledam pogledam inf gledati pogledati
pres-3 gleda pogleda past-m gledao pogledao
pres-3pl gledaju pogledaju past-f gledala pogledala
pres. adv. gledajući — pass. adj. gledan pogledan
imper-2 gledaj pogledaj gerund gledanje —
This verb pair can be used with an object in A:

Gledamo film. We’rewatchingamovie.
govoriti («) ~ reći (reče / kaže,...) speak,say

impf. perf. perf. impf. perf.
pres-1 govorim (rečem) kažem inf govoriti reći
pres-3 govori (reče) kaže past-m govorio pres-3pl govore rekao
(reku) kažu past-f govorila pres. adv. govoreći ——pass. rekla
adj. — rečen
imper-2 govori reci (kaži) gerund govorenje—
There are several verbs overlapping. The verb reći (...) is avoided in the present tense,
and present forms of another verb, kazati (kaže) is used instead. The verb reći (...) is,
however,commoninimperative,pastandfuturetensesandconditional.
This verb is usually used with an optional person in DL (recipient of speech) and several
possible ways to express what was said. Onecommonoption are content clauses,
starting with da or a question-word (all tenses can beused):
Rekao sam Ani [da je Goran na igralištu]. I told Ana[Goran wason the playground].
Rekao sam joj [gdje je Goran]. I told her [where Goranwas].
Observethat there’s no tense shift in Croatian.
It can be used with simple objects in A, standing for what issaid:
Rekao sam joj sve. I told hereverything.
graditi ~ iz- («), sa-(«) build

pres-1 gradim izgradim inf graditi izgraditi
pres-3 gradi izgradi past-m gradio pres-3pl grade izgradio
izgrade past-f gradila pres. adv. gradeći — izgradila
pass.adj. građen izgrađen
imper-2 gradi izgradi gerund građenje * —
* As a verbal noun, the noun gradnja is also used.

There are two perf. verbs which have more or less the same meaning.
This verb pair is usually used with an object in A:
Goran je izgradio dvorac. Goranhas built a castle.
grijati (grije) ~ u-heat, warm

pres-1 grijem ugrijem inf grijati ugrijati
pres-3 grije ugrije past-m grijao ugrijao
pres-3pl griju ugriju past-f grijala ugrijala
pres. adv. grijući — pass. adj. grijan ugrijan
imper-2 grij ugrij gerund grijanje —
This verb pair is usually used with se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
happens on itsown:
Juha se grije. The beer is warming.
More se ugrijalo. The seawarmed.
This verb pair can be also used with an object in A:
Ugrijala sam ručak. I’ve warmedthelunch.
The opposite meaning is expressed by hladiti ~ o-(«) cool.
The impf. verb also appears as Ekavian: grejati(greje)
(non-standard in Croatian):
griješiti ~ po-(«) err, make mistake

pres-1 griješim pogriješim inf griješiti pogriješiti
pres-3 griješi pogriješi past-m griješio pres-3pl pogriješio
griješe pogriješe past-f griješila pres. adv. griješeći pogriješila
imper-2 griješi pogriješi gerund griješenje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun pogreška error is used when needed.
In meaning sin, the noun grijeh is also used.
The verb pair is often used without an object:
Pogriješio sam. I’ve madea mistake.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: grišiti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: grešiti
gubiti ~ iz- («) lose

pres-1 gubim izgubim inf gubiti izgubiti
pres-3 gubi izgubi past-m gubio izgubio
pres-3pl gube izgube past-f gubila izgubila
pres. adv. gubeći — pass. adj. — izgubljen
imper-2 gubi izgubi gerund gubljenje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun gubitak (gubitk-) loss is used when
needed.
This verb pair is used with objectsin A:
Ana je izgubila narukvicu. Anahas lost abracelet.
It’s also usedwhenpeopleor teamslose in sports or games,without anyobject:
Jučer smoizgubili. Welostyesterday.
With se², it gets passive meaning,the subject became(got)lost:
Izgubili su se. They gotlost.
gurati ~ gurnuti (gurne)push

pres-1 guram gurnem inf gurati gurnuti
pres-3 gura gurne past-m gurao gurnuo
pres-3pl guraju gurnu past-f gurala gurnula
pres. adv. gurajući — pass. adj. guran gurnut
imper-2 guraj gurni gerund guranje —

Goran gura bicikl. Goranis pushing the bicycle.
hladiti ~ o-(«) cool

pres-1 hladim ohladim inf hladiti ohladiti
pres-3 hladi ohladi past-m hladio ohladio
pres-3pl hlade ohlade past-f hladila ohladila
pres. adv. hladeći — pass. adj. hlađen ohlađen
imper-2 hladi ohladi gerund hlađenje —
This verb pair is usually used with se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
happens on itsown:
Pivo se hladi. The beer iscooling.
Morese ohladilo. The sea becamecold.
Ohladili smovino. We’ve cooled thewine.
The opposite meaning is expressed by grijati (grije) ~ u-(«) warm.
hraniti ~ na-(«) feed

pres-1 hranim nahranim inf hraniti nahraniti
pres-3 hrani nahrani past-m hranio nahranio
pres-3pl hrane nahrane past-f hranila nahranila
pres. adv. hraneći — pass. adj. hranjen nahranjen
imper-2 hrani nahrani gerund hranjenje —

Ana je nahranila mačku. Anahas fed thecat.
htjeti (hoće +,...)want

clitic stressednegative
pres-1 ću² hoću neću inf htjeti
pres-3 će² hoće neće past-m htio
pres-3pl će² hoće neće past-f htjela
pres. adv. — htjedući — pass. adj. —
imper-2 — — — gerund —
This verb is used with an object in A, but this is rather direct and considered rude, so
it’s usually ‘softened’ with conditional:
Hoću kavu. I want (some) coffee. (rude)
Htjela bih kavu. I’d like (some) coffee.
It’s also used as an auxiliary verb, to form the future tense. Normally, only clitic forms
in the present tense are used for thatpurpose:
Ići ćemona more. We’ll go to theseaside.
hvatati ~ uhvatiticatch
pres-1 hvatam uhvatim inf hvatati uhvatiti
pres-3 hvata uhvati past-m hvatao uhvatio
pres-3pl hvataju uhvate past-f hvatala uhvatila
pres. adv. hvatajući — pass. adj. hvatan uhvaćen
imper-2 hvataj uhvati gerund hvatanje —

Goran je uhvatio loptu. Gorancaught the ball.
Whatis used for catching is expressed in I:
Goran je uhvatio loptu rukom. Gorancaught theball with his hand.
If you want to express that somethingis caught by a part, you should use za¨+A:
Goran je uhvatio Anu za ruku. Gorancaught Anaby her hand.
ići (ide,...) go
pres-1 idem inf ići
pres-3 ide past-m išao
pres-3pl idu past-f išla
pres. adv. idući * pass. adj. —
imper-2 idi gerund —
* The present adverb idući is also usedas a true adjective, meaning next.
Thisverbis usedwithdestinationsand(less often)origins:
Idemo u kino. We’regoing to thecinema.
Idem s posla. I’m going from work.
Used impersonally (i.e. in the 3rd pers. singular, neuter forms in the past tense) with a
person in DL and an adverb, it describes howthat person is ‘doing’:
Ide nam dobro. We’redoingfine.
Išlo mi je super. (colloq.) I wasdoinggreat.
This corresponds exactly to Germanes geht mir gut and similar phrases.
This verb can be used with another in infinitive, which can have its objects, and so on:
Idemo jesti pizzu. Let’s eat pizza. / We’re going for apizza.
The meaning can be either inviting/encouraging, or it can be literal, i.e. going
somewhere to do something there.
igrati ~~ za-play (game)

impf. inch. impf. inch.
pres-1 igram zaigram inf igrati zaigrati
pres-3 igra zaigra past-m igrao zaigrao
pres-3pl igraju zaigraju past-f igrala zaigrala
pres. adv. igrajući — pass. adj. igran zaigran
imper-2 igraj zaigraj gerund igranje —
The verb is used with an object in A:

Ivan igra košarku. Ivan is playing basketball.
Whensomeoneis not playinga specific game,bute.g. withtoys,a se² mustbeused:
Goran se igra. Goranisplaying.
imatihave
pos. neg.
pres-1 imam nemam inf imati
pres-3 ima nema past-m imao
pres-3pl imaju nemaju past-f imala
pres. adv. imajući nemajući pass. adj. —
imper-2 imaj nemaj gerund —
The verb is used with objects in A:

Goran ima loptu. Goranhas aball.
The negative present tense is one word, thene¨gets fused:
Ana nemakišobran. Anadoesn’t have an umbrella.
In the 3rd pers. present, the verb usedin so-called existential phrases, corresponding to
English there is... or there are..., with G(for uncountable nouns)or G-pl objects (for
countable nouns):
Nemašećera. There’s nosugar.
Ima jabuka. There are someapples.
In the past and future tenses, such phrases use theverb biti (je² +) instead:
Nije bilo šećera. There wasnosugar.
Bit će jabuka. There will be someapples.
Unlike in English, the existential phrase is also used with personal pronouns:
Nemaih. They are not here. (lit. ‘There’s no them.’)
Nije te bilo. You weren’t here. (lit. ‘There wasnoyou.’)
If you want to express there’s a... —with single countable things and immaterial
concepts —you can use N, butit’s lessfrequent:
Ima jedan problem. There’s a problem.
This cannot bedone when the phrase is negated (there’s no) –you have to use G-pl
then:
Nemaproblema. There are noproblems.
Pay attention that, in existential phrases, verbs are always in the third person, singular.
isključivati (isključuje) ~ isključiti («) exclude; turn off (device)

pres-1 isključujem isključim inf isključivati isključiti
pres-3 isključuje isključi past-m isključivao isključio
pres-3pl isključuju isključe past-f isključivala isključila
pres. adv. isključujući —imper-2 pass. adj. — isključen
isključuj sključi gerund isključivanje —
The verb is used with objects in A, usually for turning off various devices and power
supplies:
Ana je isključila pećnicu. Anahas turned the ovenoff.
ispravljati ~ ispraviti correct

pres-1 ispravljam ispravim inf ispravljati ispraviti
pres-3 ispravlja ispravi past-m ispravljao ispravio
pres-3pl ispravljaju isprave past-f ispravljala ispravila
pres. adv. ispravljajući — pass. adj. ispravljanje ispravljen
imper-2 ispravljaj ispravi gerund ispravljanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun ispravak (ispravk-) correction is used
whenneeded.
Ana je ispravila greške. Goranhas corrected errors.
izgledati («) appear, look, seem

pres-1 izgledam inf izgledati
pres-3 izgleda past-m izgledao pres-3pl
izgledaju past-f izgledala pres. adv.
izgledajući pass.adj. —
imper-2 izgledaj gerund *
* There’s no regular verbal noun, the noun izgled look is used when needed.
This verb is usually used with adverbs, describing howsomeone looks:
Izgledaš odlično. You look great.
It can beused impersonally, with content clauses (starting with da), meaning it seems
that...:
Izgleda [da će padati kiša]. It seems it’s going to rain.
Izgledalo je [da će padati kiša]. It seemed it wasgoing torain.
izlaziti ~ izaći (izađe,...) goout

pres-1 izlazim izađem * inf izlaziti izaći*
pres-3 izlazi izađe * past-m izlazio pres-3pl izlaze izašao*
izađu * past-f izlazila pres. adv. izlazeći — izašla*
pass.adj. — —
imper-2 izlazi izađi * gerund izlaženje **
* The perf. verb has alternative forms izići (iziđe,...) that are preferred by Standard
Croatian, but less common in the reallife.
** There’s no regular perf. verbal noun,the noun izlazak (izlask-) is used whenneeded.
Thisverbpairis usedwithoptional originsand(sometimes) destinations:
Goran je izašao iz sobe. Gorancame out of the room.
Goran je izašao iz kuće na dvorište. Gorancameout of the room to the playground.
javljati ~ javiti inform,contact

pres-1 javljam javim inf javljati javiti
pres-3javlja javi past-mjavljao pres-3pljavljaju javio
jave past-f javljala pres. adv. javljajući —pass. javila
adj. — javljen
imper-2 javljaj javi gerund javljanje —
This verb pair can be used in two ways. First, with se², and optionally a person (or a
group, institution) in DL, in meaning get in touch, contact:
Javi mi se kad dođeš u hotel. Contactmewhen you cometo thehotel.
Anothermeaning –inform –is expressed with a content clause instead of se²; the use
of optional DL is the same:
Ana namje javila [da je sve u redu]. Anahas informed us that everything is fine.
jesti (jede, jeo) ~ po-eat

pres-1 jedem pojedem inf jesti pojesti
pres-3 jede pojede past-m jeo pojeo
pres-3pl jedu pojedu past-f jela pojela
pres. adv. jedući — pass. adj. — pojeden
imper-2 jedi pojedi gerund jedenje —
Thisverbpairis usedwithanoptional object inA:

Goran jede. Goraniseating.
Goran je pojeo kolač. Goranhas eaten a cake.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: jisti (jide,...)
koristiti use
pres-1 koristim inf koristiti
pres-3 koristi past-m koristio
pres-3pl koriste past-f koristila
pres. adv. koristeći pass. adj. korišten
imper-2 koristi gerund korištenje
This verb is often used with an object in A(some people consider it non-standard in
Croatian, but it’swidespread):
Ana koristi žlicu. Anais using aspoon.
Muchless frequent, but standard in Croatian, is use with se² and an object inI:
Ana se koristi žlicom. (the same meaning,lesscommon)
Finally, the verb can be used in the ‘inversed’ mode: somethingthat’s useful (or not) is
the subject (in N), and the person whowill benefit (or not) is inDL:
Žlica će ti koristiti. The spoon will be useful to you.
To namne koristi. This is of no use to us.
krasti (krade, krao) ~ u- (») steal

pres-1 kradem ukradem inf krasti ukrasti
pres-3 krade ukrade past-m krao ukrao
pres-3pl kradu ukradu past-f kralaukrala
pres. adv. kradući — pass. adj. — ukraden
imper-2 kradi ukradi gerund * —
* There’s no regular impf. verbal noun, the noun krađa is used when needed.
This verb pair is used with optional objects in A:
Netko je ukrao loptu. Somebody stole theball.
kretati (kreće) ~~ krenuti (krene) move

pres-1 krećem krenem inf kretati krenuti
pres-3 kreće krene past-m kretao krenuo
pres-3pl kreću krenu past-f kretala krenula
pres. adv. krećući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 kreći kreni gerund kretanje —
The impf. verb is used usually with se²:

Auto se kreće. The car ismoving.
kuhati ~ s-cook
pres-1 kuham skuham inf kuhati skuhati
pres-3 kuha skuha past-m kuhao skuhao
pres-3pl kuhaju skuhaju past-f kuhala skuhala
pres. adv. kuhajući —imper- pass. adj. kuhan skuhan
2 kuhaj skuhaj gerund kuhanje —
This verb pair is used with an optional object in A:

Ana kuha. Anaiscooking.
Ana kuha kavu. Anais ‘cooking’coffee.
While English prefers other verbs in some instances, i.e. makecoffee, preparelunch
etc., Croatian prefers this verb pair whenever oven or stove are used.
This verb pair can also beused with se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
happens on its own, e.g. for things left to cook:
Juha se kuha. The soup is cooking.
kupati ~ o-(«)bathe
pres-1 kupam okupam inf kupati okupati
pres-3 kupa okupa past-m kupao okupao
pres-3pl kupaju okupaju past-f kupala okupala
pres. adv. kupajući — pass. adj. kupan okupan
imper-2 kupaj okupaj gerund kupanje —
This verbpair is veryoften used with se², in meaningthat someoneis in abathtub or a

lake, pool, sea, river, either washing themselves or just enjoying (where English would
usee.g.swim):
Anasekupaubazenu.Anais ‘bathing’inapool.
Okupalismosedanas.Wehaveswumtoday.
WithanobjectinA,themeaningis thatsomeoneis bathingsomeone else:
Ivana kupa Luku. Ivanais givingabathtoLuka.
There’sanadditionalpresentadjectivekupaći,whichis usedonlyto describe
swimmingcostumeandswimmingtrunks,oftenwithouttheaccompanyingnoun.
kupovati (kupuje) ~ kupitibuy

pres-1 kupujem kupim inf kupovati kupiti
pres-3 kupuje kupi past-m kupovao pres-3pl kupio
kupujukupepast-fkupovala pres.adv.kupujući — kupila
pass.adj. — kupljen
imper-2 kupuj kupi gerund kupovanje*
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, nouns kupnja and kupovina are used when
needed.
The verb pair is normally used with a verb inA:
Ana je kupila kruh. Anahas boughtbread.
kvariti ~ po-(«) break,spoil

pres-1 kvarim pokvarim inf kvariti pokvariti
pres-3 kvari pokvari past-m kvario pres-3pl kvare pokvario
pokvare past-f kvarila pres. adv. kvareći — pokvarila
pass.adj. — pokvaren
imper-2 kvari pokvari gerund kvarenje—
This verb pair is usually used with a se²; the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
happensor has happenedto the subject, butwedon’t say whois causing it, whohas
causedit, or it hashappened‘onits own’.
With machinesand devices, it corresponds to English breakdown:
Auto se pokvario. The car brokedown.
With food, it corresponds to English spoil:
Mlijeko se pokvarilo. The milk hasspoiled.
lagati (laže) ~ s- lie (tell lies)

pres-1 lažem slažem inf lagati slagati
pres-3 laže slaže past-m lagao slagao
pres-3pl lažu lažu past-f lagala slagala
pres. adv. lažući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 laži slaži gerund laganje —
The verbs can be used without an object:

Goran laže. Goranis tellinglies.
The verbs is usually used with an optional person in DL (recipient of lies) and several
possible ways to express what was said. Onecommonoption are content clauses,
starting with da or a question-word (all tenses can beused):
Goran je slagao Ani [gdje je bio]. Goranhaslied toAna[where he was].
letjeti (leti,...) ~ od-(«), do-(«)fly

impf. perf. perf.(C) impf. perf. perf. (C)
pres-1 letim odletim doleti inf letjeti odletjeti doletjeti
m
pres-3 leti odleti doleti past-m letio odletio doletio
pres-3pl lete odlete dolete past-f letjela odletjela doletjela
pres.adv. leteći* — — pass. adj. — — —
imper-2 leti odleti doleti gerund letenje — —
* The present adverb leteći is also used as a true adjective, meaningflying.
There are two perfective verbs, but they don't have exactly the same meaning,they
rather form a go-come pair: the verb derived with od-is simply the perfective version
of the impf. verb; it covers fly away as well.
The perf. verb derived with do-is usedin situations where the English comecan be
used to; it’s essentially comeby flying.
The verbs are usedwith destinations andorigins:
Ptice lete. Birds areflying.
Ptice lete na jug. Birds are flyingsouth.
ležati (leži) ~~ leći (legne,...) lie (e.g. on bed)

pres-1 ležim legnem inf ležati leći
pres-3 leži legni past-m ležao legao
pres-3pl leže legnu past-f ležala legla
pres. adv. ležeći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 leži legni gerund ležanje —
The impf. verb is used with optionallocations:

Goran leži. Goranislying.
Goran leži na podu. Goranis lying on the floor.
The perf. verb –it’s really ‘inchoative’, describing entering a state –corresponds to
English lie down. It’s used with optional destinations:
Goran je legao. Goranhas lain down.
Goran je legao na pod. Goranhas lain downon the floor.
ljubiti ~¹ po-(«) kiss

pres-1 ljubim poljubim inf ljubiti poljubiti
pres-3 ljubi poljubi past-m ljubio poljubio
pres-3pl ljube poljube past-f ljubila poljubila
pres. adv. ljubeći — pass. adj. ljubljen poljubljen
imper-2 ljubi poljubi gerund ljubljenje —
The verb poljubiti is usually understood to meana single kiss.

Ana je poljubila Gorana. Anahas kissed Goran.
It can be also used with mutual se², when subject is more than oneperson:
Ana i Marko su se poljubili. Ana andMarkokissed eachother.
micati (miče) ~ maknuti(makne) move

pres-1 mičem maknem inf micati maknuti
pres-3 miče makne past-m micao maknuo
pres-3pl miču maknu past-f micala maknula
pres. adv. mičući —imper- pass. adj. mican maknut
2 miči makni gerund micanje —
This verb pair is usually used with a se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
moves on itsown:
Goran se miče. Goranismoving.
The verb pair can be also used with an object in A, when someone is moving
something, esp. when movingsomethingout of theway:
Goran je maknuoigračku. Goranhas put the toyaway.
miješati ~ pro-(«) mix, stir; se² meddle

pres-1 miješam promiješam inf miješati promiješati
pres-3 miješa promiješa past-m miješao pres-3pl promiješao
miješaju promiješaju past-f miješala pres. adv. promiješala
miješajući — pass.adj. miješan promiješan
imper-2 miješaj promiješaj gerund miješanje —
These verbs are often seen in non-standard spelling, with je instead of ije, e.g.
mješam.
This verb pair is used with single objects in A, coresponding to English stir:
Ana miješa juhu. Anais stirring thesoup.
With two objects in A, linked with i¨, or one object in A and another expressed by
s¨/sa¨+ I, it corresponds to Englishmix:
Ana je promiješala brašno i šećer. Anamixed flour withsugar.
Ana je promiješala brašno sa šećerom. (the same meaning)
With a se² and u¨+ A, there’s meaning meddle; the one whois affected can be
expressed in DL:
Šef se miješa Ani u razgovor. The boss is meddlingin Ana’sconversation.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: mišati
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: mešati
misliti ~¹ po- think

pres-1 mislim pomislim inf misliti pomisliti
pres-3 misli pomisli past-m mislio pomislio
pres-3pl misle pomisle past-f mislila pomislila
pres. adv. misleći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 misli pomisli gerund mišljenje —
The verb pomisliti is semelfactive, i.e. it meansthink for a moment, have a thought.
The verbs are usedusually with content clauses, starting with da, and using any tense:
Ana misli [da imadovoljno novca]. Anathinks she hasenough money.
It can be also used with o¨+ DL, meaning thinkabout:
Ana misli o Ivanu. Anais thinking aboutIvan.
moći (može+,...) can, be ableto

pres-1 mogu inf moći
pres-3 može past-m mogao
pres-3pl mogu past-f mogla
pres. adv. * pass. adj. —
imper-2 — gerund —
The verb is used with another verb in infinitive, which can have optional objects, and
so on:
Goran može stajati na jednoj nozi. Gorancan stand on one leg.
In conditional, it corresponds to Englishcould:
Mogli bismoići u restoran. Wecould go to arestaurant.
Colloquially, the pres-3 is used in meaning "alright, OK" with nouns in N:
Možejedna kava. (colloq.) ‘One coffee is OK.’ = Yes, I’d like one cup of coffee.
Colloquially, it’s also used in questions and positive responses (esp. when talking to
people you’re familiarwith):
Možejedna kava? Wouldyou like a cup of coffee? / Canweget a cupof coffee?
—Može. ‘OK’ =Yes.
Whenused in this meaning,it can stay frozen in pres-3, regardless of what is offered /
askedfor:
Možedvije kave? Canwe get two cups of coffee?
* The expected present adjective moguć is used only as an adjective, meaning
possible; it’s never used as anadverb.
moliti ~¹ za-(«) kindly ask;pray

pres-1 molim zamolim inf moliti zamoliti
pres-3 moli zamoli past-m molio pres-3pl mole zamolio
zamole past-f molila pres. adv. moleći — zamolila
pass.adj. — zamoljen
imper-2 moli — gerund moljenje*
*There’s no regularperf. verbalnoun,thenounmolbais usedwhenneeded.

This verb is usually used with a person in DL (whoreceives the request) and an
atemporalda-clause (only in pres. tense, butperf. verbs allowed) standing for whatis
asked:
Molimte [da kupiš kruh]. ’I’m kindly asking you to buy bread‘.
It can be used with simple objects in A, standing for what isrequested:
Molimte kruh. ’I’m kindly asking you for the bread‘. = Bread,please.
The verb zamoliti («) is semelfactive, i.e. stands for individual requests, e.g. if you
asked twice, you can say:
Zamolio sam te dvaput. ’I’ve kindly asked you twice.‘
morati must, haveto

pres-1 moram inf morati
pres-3 mora past-m morao pres-3pl
moraju past-f morala pres. adv. —
pass.adj. —
This verb is used with another verb in infinitive:

Ana mora jesti voće. Goranhas to eatfruits.
If another verb is ići (ide,...) go with a destination, it can be left out in speech, leaving
only a destination:
Ana mora (ići) na sastanak. Anahas to go to ameeting.
The verb is in speech often ‘softened’ into conditional, in order not to sound like a
command:
Moralabi spavati. You shouldsleep.
mrziti ~~ za-(«) hate

pres-1 mrzim zamrzim inf mrziti zamrziti
pres-3 mrzi zamrzi past-m mrzio zamrzio
pres-3pl mrze zamrze past-f mrzilazamrzila
pres. adv. mrzeći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 mrzi — gerund * —
* There’s no regular verbal noun, the noun mržnja hate is used when needed.
The verb is used with objects in A:
Goran mrzi ribu. Goran hatesfish.
It’s also used with another verb in infinitive, which can have own objects, and soon:
Goran mrzi jesti ribu. Goranhates eatingfish.
The perf. verb is ‘inchoative’, i.e. it meansstart of state:
Goran je zamrzio školu. Goranstarted to hateschool.
The opposite meaning is expressed by voljeti (voli,...)love.
The verb also appears as Ekavian: mrzeti (mrzi)
nadati se² ~¹ po-(«) hope

impf. smlf. impf. inch.
pres-1 nadam ponadam inf nadati ponadati
pres-3 nada ponada past-m nadao ponadao
pres-3pl nadaju ponadaju past-f nadala ponadala
pres. adv. nadajući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 nadaj ponadaj gerund nadanje —
This verb pair is always used withse².

The pair is most often used with content clauses, and using any tense, and sometimes
used with objects in DL, whatsomebody hopesfor:
Ana se nada [da će vrijeme biti lijepo]. lit. Anahopes the weather is going to benice.
Nadamose najboljem. Wehopefor thebest.
The phrase hopenot translates as:
Nadamse da ne. I hopenot.
The verb ponadati («) se² is semelfactive: it stands for a brief hope, i.e. hope for a
while.
nalaziti ~ naći (nađe,...) find

pres-1 nalazim nađem inf nalaziti naći
pres-3 nalazi nađe past-m nalazio pres-3pl našao
nalaze nađu past-f nalazila pres. adv. nalazeći našla
— pass.adj. — nađen
imper-2 nalazi nađi gerund nalaženje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, nouns nalazak (nalask-) and nalaz are used
whenneeded.
The verbs are usedwith objects in A, mostly the perf.verb:
Ana je našla ključ. Anahas found thekey.
The impf. verb is usually used mediopassively, with se², meaning can be found, i.e.
where somethingislocated:
Kupaonica se nalazi na katu. The bathroomis (found) on the upper floor.
However, in everyday communication, simply using biti (je² +) be is more common.
namjeravati («)intend
pres-1 namjeravam inf namjeravati
pres-3 namjerava past-m namjeravao pres-3pl
namjeravaju past-f namjeravala pres. adv.
namjeravajućipass.adj. —
imper-2 namjeravaj gerund *
* There’s no regularverbalnoun,thenounnamjera intentionis usedwhenneeded.

The verb is used with another verb in infinitive, which can have additional objects and
so on:
Ananamjeravakupitiauto.Anaintendstobuyacar.
The verb also appears as Ekavian: nameravati(«)
napadati ~ napasti (napadne) attack

pres-1 napadam napadne inf napadati napasti
pres-3 napada napadne past-m napadao napao
pres-3pl napadaju napadnu past-f napadala napala
pres. adv. nastavljajući — pass. adj. napadan napadnut
imper-2 napadaj napadni gerund napadanje*
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun napad attack is used when needed.
This pair is used with objects in A:
Napoleon je napao Rusiju. Napoleon attackedRussia.
napuštati («) ~ napustiti («) abandon,leave

pres-1 napuštam napustim inf napuštati napustiti
pres-3 napušta napusti past-m napuštao pres-3pl napustio
napuštaju napuste past-f napuštala pres. adv. napustila
napuštajući — pass.adj. — napušten
imper-2 napuštaj napusti gerund napuštanje—
The pair is used with objects in A:

Vlasnici su napustili kuću. The owners have abandonedthe house.
nastavljati ~ nastaviticontinue
pres-1 nastavljam nastavim inf nastavljati nastaviti
pres-3 nastavlja nastavi past-m nastavljao nastavio
pres-3pl nastavljaju nastave past-f nastavljala nastavila
pres. adv. nastavljajući — pass. adj. nastavljan nastavljen
imper-2 nastavljaj nastavi gerund nastavljanje —
These verbs are usually with another verb in infinitive, which can have additional
objects, etc.:
Ana je nastavila čitati knjigu. Ana has continued reading thebook.
If an event, expressed by a noun, is continuing, it can be expressed bymediopassive, by
making it a subject and adding a se²:
Priča se nastavlja. The story goes on.
navikavati («) ~ naviknuti (navikne) getused

pres-1 navikavam naviknem inf navikavati navići *naviknuti
pres-3 navikava navikne past-m navikavao pres-3pl navikao naviknuo
navikavaju naviknu past-f navikavala pres. adv. navikla naviknula
navikavajući — pass.adj. navikavan — naviknut
imper-2 navikavaj navikni gerund navikavanje — —
* The perfective verb has two forms in infinitive and the past; shorter past forms are
more commonin use, but longer are seen as well; the longer inf is more common.
These verbs are mostly used with se² and what one is getting used to is expressed with
na¨+ A:
Navikao sam se na hladnoću. I got used to thecold.
Naviknut ćeš se na novi posao. You'll get used to the newjob.
These verbs can be also used with an object in Ainstead of se², meaning that someone
(the subject) is getting someone else (the object) used to something(thena-object):
Ana je navikla psa na mačke. Anagot her dogused to cats.
nestajati (nestaje) ~ nestati (nestane)disappear

pres-1 nestajem nestanem* inf nestajati nestati
pres-3 nestaje nestane * pres- past-m nestajao nestao
3pl nestaju nestanu * pres. adv. past-f nestajala nestala
nestajući— pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — nestani gerund nestajanje **
*Thepresentforms of theperf. verbarealso stresedas nestane,etc.

** There’s noregular perf. verbal noun; the noun nestanak (nestank-) is usedwhen
needed.
These verbs are used with subjectsonly:
Knjiga je nestala. The book hasdisappeared.
nositi carry, wear

pres-1 nosim inf nositi
pres-3 nosi past-m nosio
pres-3pl nose past-f nosila
pres. adv. noseći pass. adj. nošen
imper-2 nosi gerund nošenje
This verb is used with objects in A:

Ana nosi kutiju. Anais carrying abox.
Anotherperson in DL can be added as a recipient:
Ana nosi kutiju Goranu. Anais carrying a boxto Goran.
Whensubjects are people, and objects are clothing items or jewellery, the assumed
meaning is wear:
Ana je nosila plavu majicu. Anawaswearing a blue T-shirt.
obećavati («) ~ obećatipromise

pres-1 obećavam * obećam inf obećavati obećati
pres-3 obećava * obeća past-m obećavao pres-3pl obećao
obećavaju * obećaju past-f obećavala pres. adv. obećala
obećavajući — pass.adj. obećavan obećan
imper-2 obećavaj obećaj gerund obećavanjeobećanje
* There are alternative, quite common, but non-standard forms of the presenttense:
obećaje, etc.
This pair is usually used with an optional person in DL (recipient of the promise) and
three possible ways to express what was promised. Onepossibility are objects in A:
Ana je obećala Goranu novi bicikl. Anapromised a newbicycleto Goran.
Anotheroption is another verb in inf, possibly with its objects, etc.:
Ana je obećala kupiti Goranu novi bicikl. Anapromised to buy Gorana newbicycle.
(In the last example, DL of Goran is attached to the verb kupiti perf. buy.)
The third option are content clauses, starting with da (usuallyin thefuture tense):
Ana je obećala Goranu [da će mukupiti novi bicikl]. Ana promised Goranthat she’ll
buy him a newbicycle.
objašnjavati («) ~ objasniti («) explain

pres-1 objašnjavam objasnim inf objašnjavati objasniti
pres-3 objašnjava objasni past-m objašnjavao pres-3pl objasnio
objašnjavaju objasne past-f objašnjavala pres. adv. objasnila
objašnjavajući — pass.adj. objašnjavan objašnjen
imper-2 objašnjavaj objasni gerund objašnjavanje objašnjenje*
* The perfective verbal noun objašnjenje is used as a commonnoun,meaning

explanation.
This pair is usually used with an optional person in DL (recipient of speech) and several
possible ways to express what was explained.
One commonoption are content clauses, startingwith da or a question-word (all
tenses can be used):
Objasnio samAni [da je Goran na igralištu]. I explained to Ana that Goranwason the
playground.
Objasnio samjoj [gdje je Goran]. I explained to her whereGoranwas.
It can beused with simple objects in A, standing for what issaid:
Objasnio samjoj sve. I’ve explained everything to her.
Objasnio samimsituaciju. I’ve explained the situation tothem.
oblačiti («) ~ obući (obuče,...) put on (clothes)

pres-1 oblačim obučem inf oblačiti obući
pres-3 oblači obuče past-m oblačio obukao
pres-3pl oblače obuku past-f oblačila obukla
pres. adv. oblačući — pass. adj. oblačen obučen
imper-2 oblači obuci gerund oblačenje —
Clothes put on are expressed in A:

Goran je obukao majicu. Goranhas put his shirt on.
You can express that somebody is putting clothes on someone else. The person
putting the clothes on is the subject (in N), and the person dressed is inDL:
Ana je obukla Goranu majicu. Anahas put a short on Goran.
očekivati (očekuje) expect

pres-1 očekujem inf očekivati
pres-3 očekuje past-m očekivao
pres-3pl očekuju past-f očekivala
pres. adv. očekujući pass. adj. očekivan
imper-2 očekuj gerund očekivanje
This verb can be used with an object in A:

Ana očekuje Ivanu. Anais expectingIvana.
The verb is often used with content clauses; present of both impf. and perf. verbs can
be used in them, usually expressing relative future:
Ana očekuje [da Ivana dođe]. Anaexpects Ivana to come.
The content clauses is often in the futuretense:
Ana očekuje [da će Ivana doći]. Ana expects that Ivana is going tocome.
With a se², the meaning is mediopassive; it’s usually used with general expectations.
The subject can be a noun or a contentclause:
Sutra se očekuje kiša. Rain is expected tomorrow.
Očekivalo se [da će mnogoturista doći]. It wasexpected that manytourists would
come.
The last Croatian sentence has only the future tense in the content clause; there’s no
time-shift, i.e. adjustmentof tenses in Croatian!
odgovarati («) ~ odgovoriti («) answer, reply; suit

pres-1 odgovaram odgovorim inf odgovarati odgovoriti
pres-3 odgovara odgovori past-m odgovarao pres-3pl odgovorio
odgovaraju odgovore past-f odgovarala pres. adv. odgovorila
odgovarajući * — pass.adj. odgovaran odgovoren
imper-2 odgovaraj odgovori gerund odgovaranje **
* The present adverb odgovarajući is also used as atrue adjective, meaning suitable.
** There’s noregular perf. verbal noun,the noun odgovor answer is used when
needed.
This verb is usually used with an optional person in DL (recipient of speech); what is
replied is expressed as a content clause clause, starting with da or occasionally with a
question-word (all tenses can beused):
Odgovorio sam Ani [da nemamvremena]. I have answered Anathat I hadnotime.
If you’re answering to something(e.g. a letter, message) it’s expressed with na¨+ A:
Ana ne odgovara na moje poruke. Anadoesn’t answer my messages.
The imperfective verb has another, quite frequent meaning:suit, fit, be OK. Whatdoes
fit (or not) is the subject (in N), and the person (or persons) involved is in DL:
Petak namne odgovara . The Friday doesn’t suitus.
odlaziti ~ otići (odem,...) leave(places)

pres-1 odlazim odem inf odlaziti otići
pres-3 odlazi ode past-m odlazio otišao
pres-3pl odlaze odu past-f odlazila otišla
pres. adv. odlazeći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 odlazi odi gerund odlaženje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun odlazak (odlask-) departure is used
whenneeded.
This verb pair is used with optional destinations and origins (unlike the English for, no
specific prepositions are used). It also often corresponds to Englishgo:
Goran je otišao u sobu. Goranhas went to the room.
Goran odlazi s igrališta. Goranis leaving theplayground.
Unlike English, this pair cannot be usedwith simple objects: you have to useorigins.
As with other verbs of motion, if someone left to pick up something, it can be
expressed with po¨+ A:
Goran je otišao po čistu majicu. Goranhas gone to get a cleanshirt.
Also, as with other verbs of motion, if someone left to do something, it can be
expressed with an inf, and objects etc. can beadded to it:
Goran je otišao popiti vode. Goranhas goneto drink some water.
I used gone in English translations, and the perf verb. otići often expresses just
perfective meaning of go.
This verb pair is not used for leaving things (intentionally or accidentally, e.g. I left my
jacket in the car). For that purpose, the verb pair ostavljati ~ ostaviti is used.
odlučivati (odlučuje) ~ odlučiti («) decide

pres-1 odlučujem odlučim inf odlučivati odlučiti
pres-3 odlučuje odluči past-m odlučivao pres-3pl odlučio
odlučuju odluče past-f odlučivala pres. adv. odlučujući odlučila
* — pass.adj. — odlučen
imper-2 — odluči gerund odlučivanje **
* The present adverb odlučujući is also used as a true adjective, meaning decisive,
crucial.
** There’s no regularperf. verbalnoun,thenounodluka decisionis usedinstead.
This verb pair be used with another verb in infinitive (impf. or perf.), which can have
additional objects and so on:
Ana je odlučila kupiti auto. Anahas decided to buy acar.
It can be also used with a da-clause in the future tense; there’s virtually no difference
in meaning:
Ana je odlučila [da će kupiti auto]. Anahas decided to buya car.
It can be also used with a da-clause in the present tense, usually containg a ‘modal’
verb in the present, and another verb in inf:
Ana je odlučila [da mora vježbati]. Anadecided she hadtoexercise.
odnositi («) ~ odnijeti (odnese,...) take (by carrying)

pres-1 odnosim odnesem inf odnositi odnijeti
pres-3 odnosi odnese past-m odnosio odnio
pres-3pl odnose odnesu past-f odnosila odnijela
pres. adv. odnoseći — odnesen
pass. adj. odnošen
imper-2 odnosi ondesi odnijet
gerund odnošenje—
Thisverbpairis usedwithobjects inA,andoptional destinationsandorigins:

Goran je odnio knjigu u sobu. Gorantook the book to theroom.
Destinations can be persons in DL:
Ana je odnijela Goranu sladoled. Anahas took Gorananice-cream.
This pair is not used when objects are people. For taking people somewhere, odvoditi
(«) ~ odvesti (odvede, odveo) take (someone) isused.
The difference betweenthis pair and donositi («) ~ donijeti (donese,...) bring (by
carrying) is similar to go vs.come.
The perf. verb also appears as Ikavian: odniti (donese)
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: odneti (donese)
odnositi («) se² relate; behavetowards

With se², the impf. verb odnositi («) (butnot the related perf. verb!) has a specific
meaning:relate, behavetowards.
The meaning relate requires objects expressed with na¨+ A, and often translates to
English apply and similar verbs:
Popust se odnosi na sve majice. The discount ‘relates to’ all T-shirts. (i.e. applies to)
The meaning behave towardsrequires objects expressed with prema +DL:
Loše se odnosio prema meni. Hebehaved badly towardsme.
odvoditi («) ~ odvesti (odvede, odveo) take (somebody

somewhere)
pres-1 odvodim odvedem inf odvoditi odvesti
pres-3 odvodi odvede pres- past-m odvodio odveo
3pl odvode odvedu pres. adv. past-f odvodila odvela
odvodeći — pass. adj. odvođen odveden
imper-2odvodi odovedi gerund odvođenje —
This verb pair is used with objects in A and destinations. The objects are always
persons, including babies, or animals that walk (cats, dogs, horses, etc.):
Ana je odvela Gorana u školu. Ana took Goranto school.
Taking anything else is expressed by odnositi («) ~ odnijeti (odnese,...) take (by
carrying).
The impf. verb is seldom used, usually for repeated actions; to express ongoing
actions, the verb voditi lead is mostlyused.
This verb pair is coupled with dovoditi («) ~ dovesti (dovede, doveo) bring (someone)
in the go/come fashion, i.e. this pair implieselsewhere.
okretati (okreće) ~ okrenuti (okrene) turn

pres-1 okrećem okrenem inf okretati okrenuti
pres-3 okreće okrene past-m okretao okrenuo
pres-3pl okreću okrenu past-f okretala okrenula
pres. adv. okrećući —imper- pass.adj. okretan okrenut
2 okreći okreni gerund okretanje —
This pair is mostly used with se², when something/somebodyisturning:

Goran se okrenuo. Goranhas turned.
Instead of se², an object in A is used when someone is turning something:
Goran okrenula ključ. Anahas turned thekey.
opisivati (opisuje) ~ opisati (opiše)describe

pres-1 opisujem opišem inf opisivati opisati
pres-3 opisuje opiše past-m opisivao opisao
pres-3pl opisuju opišu past-f opisivala opisala pres. adv.
opisujući — pass. adj. opisivan opisan
imper-2opisuj opišigerundopisivanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, thenoun opis descriptionis used instead.
This pair is usually used with an optional person in DL (recipient of speech) and what
was described inA.
OpisaosamproblemAniI describedtheproblemtoAna.
InsteadanobjectinA,anounclausewithštoor acontentclauseis frequentlyused.
opraštati («) ~ oprostitiforgive

pres-1 opraštam oprostim inf opraštati oprostiti
pres-3 oprašta oprosti past-m opraštao pres-3pl oprostio
opraštaju oproste past-f opraštala pres. adv. oprostila
opraštajući — pass.adj. opraštan oprošten
imper-2 opraštaj oprosti gerund opraštanje*
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun oprost is used instead.
The pair is usually used with an object in DL:
Ana je oprostila Ivani. Anahas forgivenIvana.
Whatis/was disputed is expressed as an object in Aor a content clause starting with
što:
Ana je oprostila Ivani [što je bila nepristojna]. Anahas forgiven Ivana for beingrude.
The imperative of the perf. verb is also used as a polite word, to start a question to an
unknown person (personal pronouns in A aren’t used then, i.e. noequivalent to English
me!):
Oprostite, gdje je WC?Excuse me, where’s the toilet?
(Yes, we’re direct, wetalk about toilets, not ‘bathrooms’.)
With se², this pair is occasionally used (and a bit old-fashioned) as say farewell; what
the subject is saying farewell to is expressed by od¨+G:
Oprostili smose od ljeta. Wesaid farewell to the summer.
opuštati («) ~ opustitirelax

pres-1 opuštam opustim inf opuštati opustiti
pres-3 opušta opusti past-m opuštao opustio
pres-3pl opuštaju opuste past-f opuštala opustila
pres. adv. opraštajući — pass. adj. opuštan opušten
imper-2 opuštaj opusti gerund opuštanje —
This pair is usually used with a se²:

Ana se opuštala. Anaisrelaxing.
It can be used without a se², and an object in A, normally the body part which is
relaxing:
Ana opušta leđa. Anais relaxing herback.
osjećati ~¹ osjetiti feel

pres-1 osjećam osjetim inf osjećati osjetiti
pres-3 osjeća osjeti past-m osjećao osjetio
pres-3pl osjećaju osjete past-f osjećala osjetila
pres. adv. osjećajući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 osjećaj osjeti gerund osjećanje *
* There’s no regular semelfactive verbal noun, the noun osjećaj feeling is used when
needed.
The impf. verb is often used with a se², to describe howsomeone feels at the moment,
expressed with an adverb:
Ana se osjeća odlično. Ana is feelinggreat.
The verb osjetiti is semelfactive, e.g. stands for a brief, ‘single’ feeling.
Both verbs are also used to express what is felt, as an object in A: Ana
osjeća bol. Anais feelingpain.
ostajati (ostaje) ~ ostati (ostane) stay, remain

pres-1 ostajem ostanem* inf ostajati ostati
pres-3 ostaje ostane * pres- past-m ostajao ostao
3pl ostaju ostanu * pres. adv. past-f ostajala ostala
ostajući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — ostani gerund ostajanje —
*Theperf. verb is also stressedostane etc. in thepresenttense.

This verb pair is used in various ways. Since the perf. verb can express duration of stay,
the impf. verb is practically used in presentonly:
Ostao je u bolnici dva sata. He remained in hospital for twohours.
Ostala je kod kuće. She stayed athome.
Ostali su zajedno. They stayedtogether.
The past form of the perf. verb is used as a real quantity adjective (as with other past
forms used as adjectives, a form with -i, ostali is the basicform):
Ostalo tijesto je u frižideru. The remaining pastry is in thefridge.
It’s often used as a pronoun as well; in the same way as other adjectives, the neuter
singular forms are used for things, and masc. plural forms for people:
Ostali će doći sutra. The rest (of them) will cometomorrow.
Ostalo će doći sutra. The rest (of it) will cometomorrow.
With a person in DL, the perf. verb expresses accidental leaving things somewhere
(take care, jakna jacket and novčanik wallet are thesubjects):
Jakna mi je ostala u autu. I left the jacket in the car (accidentally).
Ani je ostao novčanik u trgovini. Anahas left her wallet in the shop (accidentally).
As with other expressions where someone, expressed in DL, is unintentionally
affected, they are often at the start of the sentence.
The pair ostavljati ~ ostaviti expresses leaving things both intentionally and
accidentally.
ostavljati ~ ostaviti leave(things)

pres-1 ostavljam ostavim inf ostavljati ostaviti
pres-3 ostavlja ostavi past-m ostavljao pres-3pl ostavio
ostavljaju ostave past-f ostavljala pres. adv. ostavila
ostavljajući — pass.adj. ostavljan ostavljen
imper-2 ostavljaj ostavi gerund ostavljanje —
This verb pair expressesleaving things or people (in A), somewhere (as alocation):
Ostavio samjaknu u autu. I left the jacket in thecar.
These verbs don’t express if it’s intentional or not. To express unintentional leaving
things specifically, the pair ostajati (ostaje) ~ostati (ostane) is used.
otključavati («) ~ otključati («) unlock

pres-1 otključavam otključam inf otključavati otključati
pres-3 otključava otključa past-m otključavao otključao
pres-3pl otključavaju otključaju past-f otključavala otključala
pres. adv. otključavajući — pass. adj. — otključan
imper-2 otključavaj otključaj gerund otključavanje —

Ana otključava vrata. Ana is unlocking thedoor.
The perf. pass. adj. is a very frequently used adjective:
Vrata su otključana. The door isunlocked.
The opposite meaning is expressed by zaključavati («) ~ zaključatilock.
otkrivati («) ~ otkriti (otkrije) uncover; discover

pres-1 otkrivam otkrijem inf otkrivati otkriti
pres-3 otkriva otkrije past-m otkrivao otkrio
pres-3pl otkrivaju otkriju past-f otkrivala otkrila
pres. adv. otkrivajući — pass. adj. otkrivan otkriven
imper-2 otkrivaj otkrij gerund otkrivanje —
The passive adjective of the perf. verb is irregular.

The verb pair, whenused in meaning uncover, is used with an object in Aor a se²:
Ana je otkrila Gorana. Anahas uncovered Goran.
Goran se otkrio. Goranhas uncovered himself.
This verb pair also meansdiscover; what is discovered is an object inA:
Pas je otkrio kost. The doghasdiscovered a bone.
otvarati («) ~ otvoriti («) open

pres-1 otvaram otvorim inf otvarati otvoriti
pres-3 otvara otvori past-m otvarao pres-3pl otvorio
otvarajuotvore past-f otvarala pres. adv. otvarajući otvorila
— pass.adj. otvaran otvoren
imper-2 otvaraj otvori gerund otvaranje otvorenje

Ana otvara kutiju. Ana is opening thebox.
Goran je otvorio prozor. Goranhas openedthe window.
With a se², the meaning is mediopassive, that is, somethinghappens or has happened
to the subject, butwe don’t knowor won’t say whois causingit:
Škola se otvara sutra. The school is openingtomorrow.
Vrata su se otvorila. The door hasopened.
Dućan je otvoren. The shop isopen.
The opposite meaning is expressed by zatvarati («) ~ zatvoriti («)close.
ovisitidepend
pres-1 ovisim inf ovisiti
pres-3 ovisi past-m ovisio
pres-3pl ovise past-f ovisila
pres. adv. oviseći pass. adj. —
imper-2 ovisi gerund —
The verb is used with the preposition o¨+DL:

Sve ovisi o vremenu. Everything depends on the weather.
padati ~ pasti (padne, pao)fall

pres-1 padam padnem inf padati pasti
pres-3 pada padne past-m padao pao
pres-3pl padaju padnu past-f padala pala
pres. adv. padajući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 padaj padni gerund padanje*
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, pad fall is used when needed.
The verb pair is used without objects, and with optional destinations:
Šalicaje palanapod.Thecupfell tothefloor.
This pair also expresses droppingthings unintentionally, byadding the person involved
in DL (the thing dropped is still the subject):
Šalicamije pala.I’ve droppedthe cup.
Forintentionaldropping,usebacati~bacitithrow.
pakirati («) ~ s- pack

pres-1 pakiram spakiram inf pakirati spakirati
pres-3 pakira spakira past-m pakirao spakirao
pres-3pl pakiraju spakiraju past-f pakirala spakirala
pres. adv. pakirajući — pass. adj. pakiran spakiran
imper-2 pakiraj spakiraj gerund pakiranje *—
* The verbal noun pakiranje is also used as a general noun, meaning pack, packing.
Ana pakira odjeću. Anais packingher clothes.
If you are packing your things to go somewhere,i.e. just pack, you have to use a se²:
Ana se spakirala. Anahaspacked.
The verb also appears as Bosnia, Serbia: pakovati (pakuje)
paliti ~ u-(«) ignite, turnon

pres-1 palim upalim inf paliti upaliti
pres-3 pali upali past-m palio upalio
pres-3pl pale upale past-f palila upalila
pres. adv. paleći — pass. adj. paljen upaljen
imper-2 pali upali gerund paljenje —
This verb pair can beused with an object in A –for things that burn, but also for lights,
engines, cars, TV and manyotherthings:
Upalili su vatru. They’ve ignited thefire.
Upalit ću auto. I’ll turn the car on.
The opposite meaning is expressed by gasiti («) extinguish, turnoff.
paziti be careful, watchout

pres-1 pazim inf paziti
pres-3 pazi past-m pazio pres-3pl
paze past-f pazila pres. adv. pazeći
pass. adj. pažen imper-2 pazi gerund
*
* There’s no regular verbal noun, pažnja is used instead.

The verb is often used inimperative:
Pazi! Watchout!
Theverbcanbeusedwithna¨+ A,in meaningwatchoutfor:
Ana pazi na trnje. Anais watchingout for thorns.
The verb can be used with atemporalclauses (starting with da, having both impf. and
perf. verbs, but only in the present tense), which express what the subject wantsto
happen(and are consequently often negative, e.g. doesn’t fall):
Goran pazi [da ne padne]. Goranis careful [so he doesn’t fall].
peći (peče,...) ~ ispeći (ispeče,...) bake

pres-1 pečem ispečem inf peći ispeći
pres-3 peče ispeče past-m pekao ispekao
pres-3pl peku ispeku past-f pekla ispekla
pres. adv. pekući —imper- pass. adj. pečen ispečen
2 peci ispeci gerund pečenje *—
* The verbal noun is spelled the same as the noun pečenje roasted meat, which is
different only in stress.
Ana peče kolače. Anais bakingcakes.
While English prefers other verbs in some instances, i.e. makea cake etc., Croatian
prefers this verb pair whenever baking is done.
This verb pair can also be used with se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
happens on its own, e.g. for things left to bake:
Kolači se peku. Cakes arebaking.
pisati (piše) ~ na-(«) write

pres-1 pišem napišem inf pisati napisati
pres-3 piše napiše past-m pisao napisao
pres-3pl pišu napišu past-f pisala napisala
pres. adv. pišući — pass. adj. pisan napisan
imper-2 piši napiši gerund pisanje—
The verb pair is used with objects in A (mandatory for the perf. verb), and optional
recipients in DL:
Ana piše poruku. Anais writing amessage.
Ana piše poruku Ivani. Ana is writing a messageto Ivana.
pitati ~¹ u-(«) ask

pres-1 pitam upitam inf pitati upitati
pres-3 pita upita past-m pitao upitao
pres-3pl pitaju upitaju past-f pitala upitala
pres. adv. pitajući — pass. adj. pitan —
imper-2 pitaj upitaj gerund pitanje *—
* The verbal noun has the fixed meaning: question.

This verb pair is usually used with an object in A(recipient of the question) and another
object, usually a content clause, starting with a question-word (all tenses can beused):
Pitao sam Anu [gdje je auto]. I asked Ana wherethe carwas.
The perf. verb is semelfactive, i.e. stands for an individual question. It’s not used really
often and has an alternative form with za-instead of u-.
If want to use pitanje question as the second object, these verbs are not used, the
verb pair postavljati ~ postaviti set, place is usedidiomatically.
piti (pije) ~ po- drink

pres-1 pijem popijem inf piti popiti
pres-3 pije popije past-m pio popio
pres-3pl piju popiju past-f pila popila
pres. adv. pijući — pass. adj. pijen popijen
imper-2 pij popi(j) gerund pijenje —
The verb pair is used with an optional object in A:

Goran pije. Goranisdrinking.
Goran pije vodu. Goranis drinkingwater.
pjevati ~ ot-~ za- sing

impf. perf. inch.
pres-1 pjevamotpjevam zapjeva
m
pres-3 pjeva otpjeva zapjeva
pres-3pl pjevaju otpjevaju zapjeva
ju
pres.adv. pjevajući — —
imper-2 pjevaj otpjevaj zapjevaj
inf pjevati otpjevati zapjevati

past-m pjevao otpjevao zapjevao
past-f pjevala otpjevala zapjevala
pass. adj. pjevan otpjevan —
The verb pair
gerund is used with
pjevanje — an optional
— object in A:
Ptice pjevaju. Birds aresinging.
Goran pjeva pjesmu. Goranis singing a song.
Twoperfective verbs are a standard perfective, for singing somethingto the end, and
an ‘inchoative’ verb, meaning start singing. The standard perfective verb requires an
object in A:
Ana je zapjevala. Anastartedsinging.
Goran je otpjevao pjesmu. Goranhas singed a song.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: pivati
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: pevati
plaćati ~ platiti pay

pres-1 plaćam platim inf plaćati platiti
pres-3 plaća plati past-m plaćao platio
pres-3pl plaćaju plate past-f plaćala platila
pres. adv. plaćajući — pass. adj. plaćan plaćen
imper-2 plaćaj plati gerund plaćanje —
The verb pair is used with an optional object in A:

Ana plaća večeru. Ana is paying for the dinner.
planirati («) ~ is- plan

pres-1 planiram isplaniram inf planirati isplanirati
pres-3 planira isplanira past-m planirao isplanirao
pres-3pl planiraju isplaniraju past-f planirala isplanirala
pres. adv. planirajući — pass.adj. planiran isplaniran
imper-2 planiraj isplaniraj gerund planiranje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun; the noun plan plan can be used whenneeded.
The verbs can used with another verb in infinitive, which can have additional objects
and so on:
Ana planira kupiti auto. Anais planning to buy acar.
They can also be used with objects in A, when some activity is planned:
Ivan planira put. Ivan is planning the trip.
plivati ~ ot-, do-~ za-swim

impf. perf. inch. impf. perf. inch.
pres-1 plivam otplivam zaplivam inf plivati otplivati zaplivati
pres-3 pliva otpliva zapliva past-m plivao otplivao zaplivao
pres-3pl plivaju otplivaju zaplivaju past-f pivala otplivala zaplivala
pres. adv. plivajući — — pass. adj. plivan otplivan —
imper-2 plivaj otplivaj zaplivaj gerund plivanje —
There are two perfective verbs, but they don’t have exactly the same meaning, they
rather form a go-come pair: the verb derived with ot-is simply the perfective version
of the impf. verb; it covers swim away as well.
used; it’s essentially comebyswimming.
Ana pliva Anaisswimming.
Ana je otplivala. Goranswamaway.
počinjati (počinje) ~ početi (počne) begin

pres-1 počinjem počnem inf počinjati početi
pres-3 počinje počne past-m počinjao počeo
pres-3pl počinju počnu past-f počinjala počela
pres. adv. — — pass. adj. — počet
imper-2 počinji počni gerund — *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun; početak (početk-) beginning is usedinstead.

This is a phase verb pair. It can beused with a noun standing for an activity as the
subject, and no object:
Kiša počinje. The rain is starting.
Film je počeo. The moviehas started.
It can be also used with another impf. verb in infinitive, possibly with its objects,etc.:
Goran je počeo jesti. Goranhas beguneating.
Goran je počeo jesti jabuku. Goranhas begun eating an apple.
The opposite pair is prestajati (prestaje) ~ prestati (prestane) stop,cease.
pokazivati (pokazuje) ~ pokazati (pokaže)show

pres-1 pokazujem pokažem inf pokazivati pokazati
pres-3 pokazuje pokaže past-m pokazivao pokazao
pres-3pl pokazuju pokažu past-f pokazivala pokazala
pres. adv. pokazujući —imper-2 pass. adj. pokazivan pokazan
pokazuj pokaži gerund pokazivanje —
The verb is used with an object in A, and an optional ‘recipient’ in DL; instead of
objects, content clauses starting with da or a question-word are often used:
Ana pokazuje kuću Ivani. Anais showingthe houseto Ivana.
Ana je pokazala Ivani [gdje je kuhinja]. Ana has shown Ivana where the kitchen is.
Goran pokazuje [da može stajati na rukama]. Goranis showingthat he can stand on
his hands.
pokrivati («) ~ pokriti (pokrije)cover

pres-1 pokrivam pokrijem inf pokrivati pokriti
pres-3 pokriva pokrije past-m pokrivao pres-3pl pokrio
pokrivaju pokriju past-f pokrivala pres. adv. pokrila
pokrivajući — pass.adj. pokrivan pokriven
imper-2 pokrivaj pokrij gerund pokrivanje —
The passive adjective of the perf. verb is irregular.

The verb pair is used with an object in Aor a se². Whatis used to cover can be
expressed in I:
Ana je pokrila Gorana. Anahas covered Goran.
Goran se pokriva dekom. Goranis covering himself with a blanket.
This verb pair is also used in metaphorical uses: in journalism, sports, law etc., as in
English.
pokušavati («) ~ pokušatitry

pres-1 pokušavam pokušam inf pokušavati pokušati
pres-3 pokušava pokuša past-m pokušavao pres-3pl pokušao
pokušaju pokušaju past-f pokušavala pres. adv. pokušala
pokušajući — pass.adj. — —
imper-2 — pokušaj gerund pokušavanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, pokušaj attempt is used when needed.
The verb is used with another verb in infinitive, which can have optional objects, and
so on:
Goran pokušava stajati na jednoj nozi. Goranis trying to stand onone leg.
pomagati(pomaže) ~ pomoći(pomogne,...)help
pres-1 pomažem pomognem inf pomagati pomoći
pres-3 pomaže pomogne pres- past-m pomagao pomogao
3pl pomažu pomognu pres. adv. past-f pomagala pomogla
pomažući— pass. adj. — pomognut
imper-2pomaži*pomogni gerund pomaganje —
The verb is used with a ‘recipient’ of help inDL:

Ana pomažeGoranu. Anais helping Goran.
As objects, infinitives (of both impf. and perf. verbs) with additional objects can be
used:
Ana je pomogla Goranu otvoritikutiju. AnahashelpedGoranopenthe box.
Instead of inf, atemporalclauses (starting with da, having both impf. and perf. verbs,
but only in the present tense) can be used:
Ana je pomogla Goranu [da otvori kutiju]. (the samemeaning)
The subject of the clause mustbe the same as the recipient of help in DL.
ponavljati («) ~ ponoviti («) repeat

pres-1 ponavljam ponovim inf ponavljati ponoviti
pres-3 ponavlja ponovi past-m ponavljao pres-3pl ponovio
ponavljaju ponove past-f ponavljala pres. adv. ponovila
ponavljajući — pass.adj. ponavljan ponovljen
imper-2 ponavljaj ponovi gerund ponavljanje —
The verb pair can be used with an object inA:

Ana je dvaput ponovila pitanje. Anarepeated the questiontwice.
If the subject is repeating (i.e. there’s no object in English) these verbs have to be used
with a se²:
Povijest se ponavlja. The history repeats.
popravljati ~ popraviti fix, repair

pres-1 popravljam popravim inf popravljati popraviti
pres-3 popravlja popravi past-m popravljao pres-3pl popravio
popravljaju poprave past-f popravljala pres. adv. popravila
popravljajući — pass.adj. popravljan popravljen
imper-2 popravljaj popravi gerund popravljanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, popravak (popravk-) is used when needed.
Ivan je popravio auto. Ivan has fixed hiscar.
postajati (postaje) ~ postati (postane) become

pres-1 postajem postanem * inf postajati postati
pres-3 postaje postane * pres- past-m postajao postao
3pl postaju postanu * pres. adv. past-f postajala postala
postajući — pass.adj. — —
imper-2 — postani gerund postajanje **
*Thepresentforms of theperf. verbarealso stresedas postane,etc.

** There’s noregular perf. verbal noun,postanak (postank-) is used when needed.
The verb pair is used in a way similar to biti (je² +) be –with nouns in Nand adverbs:
Postaje hladno. It’s getting cold.
Postalo je hladno. It gotcold.
Ivan će postati otac. Ivan is going to becomea father.
It’s also used with adjectives in N, adjusted to the gender and numberof thesubject:
Goran je postao nervozan. Goranbecamenervous.
Ana polako postaje nestrpljiva. Anaisslowly getting impatient.
postavljati ~ postaviti set, place

pres-1 postavljam postavim inf postavljati postaviti
pres-3 postavlja postavi past-m postavljao pres-3pl postavio
postavljaju postave past-f postavljala pres. adv. postavila
postavljajući — pass.adj. postavljan postavljen
imper-2 postavljaj postavi gerund postavljanje –
This verb pair translates to several meanings in English. The basic meaning is set, in the
meaning fix, put on an elevated place, erect (a monument),but also makeready (e.g. set
the table). It’s not used in the meanings set free, set in motion(Croatian has specific
verbs for such actions). The objects are in A:
Ana je postavila stol. Ana has set thetable.
Whenyou want to express where somethingis placed or fixed, you have to use
destinations, unlike in English:
Postavit ću sliku na zid. I’ll put the picture on the wall.
This pair is also used to formulate and ask questions:
Postavio samdva pitanja. I asked twoquestions.
postojati (postoji) exist

pres-1 postojim inf postojati
pres-3 postoji past-m postojao pres-3pl
postoje past-f postojala pres. adv.
postojećipass.adj. —
imper-2 — gerund postojanje
The verb is used without object, often covering ‘existential’ meaning there is, with
countable objects:
Nepostojeplavejabuke.Blueapplesdon’texist.
Postoje dvaproblema.Therearetwoproblems.
prati (pere) ~ o-(») wash

pres-1 perem operem inf prati oprati
pres-3 pere opere past-m prao pres-3pl peru oprao
operu past-f prala pres. adv. perući — oprala
pass.adj. pran opran
imper-2 peri operi gerund pranje —

Ana pere kosu. Ana is washingherhair.
If you are washing yourself, you have to use a se²:
Goran se oprao. Goranhas washedhimself.
pratiti follow
pres-1 pratim inf pratiti
pres-3 prati past-m pratio
pres-3pl prate past-f pratila
pres. adv. prateći pass. adj. praćen
imper-2 prati gerund praćenje

Pas nas prati. The dogis followingus.
The verb is also used when somebody regularly watchessomething(e.g. a TV show,
series).
prekidati («) ~ prekinuti (prekine) interrupt, quit

pres-1 prekidam prekinem inf prekidati prekinuti
pres-3 prekida prekine past-m prekidao prekinuo
pres-3pl prekidaju prekinu past-f prekidala prekinula
pres. adv. prekidajući — pass. adj. prekidan prekinut
imper-2 prekidaj prekini gerund prekidanje *
* There’s no regular perf.verbal noun, prekid is used whenneeded.

This verb pair is used for interruptions, unexpected or forced endingsor actions. It’s
used with objects in A:
Sudac je prekinuo utakmicu. The referee has stoppedthe match.
With a se², the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. somethingunexpectedly ends 'on its
own':
Veza se prekinula. The connection hasbroken.
prestajati (prestaje) ~ prestati (prestane) stop,cease

pres-1 prestajem prestanem* inf prestajati prestati
pres-3 prestaje prestane * pres- past-m prestajao prestao
3pl prestaju postanu * pres. adv. past-f prestajala prestala
prestajući— pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — prestani gerund prestajanje **
*Thepresentforms of theperf. verbarealso stresedas prestane,etc.

** There’s noregular perf. verbal noun; prestanak (prestank-) is used instead.
This is a phase verb pair. The verb pair can be used with a noun standing for an activity
as the subject, without anythingelse:
Kiša je prestala. The rain has stopped.
It can be also used with another imperfective verb in infinitive, which can have
additional objects and so on:
Goran je prestao plakati. Goranhas stoppedcrying.
This verb pair is not used to express that somethingends (e.g. a movie, a story,a
party): for that, završavati («) ~ završiti («) is used.
The opposite meaning is expressed by počinjati (počinje) ~ početi (počne)begin.
pretpostavljati ~ pretpostaviti suppose

impf. perf.
pres-1 pretpostavljam pretpostavim
pres-3 pretpostavlja pretpostavi
pres-3pl pretpostavljaju pretpostave
pres. adv. pretpostavljajući —
imper-2 pretpostavljaj pretpostavi
inf pretpostavljati pretpostaviti
past-m pretpostavljao pretpostavio
past-f pretpostavljala pretpostavila
pass. adj. pretpostavljan pretpostavljen
gerund pretpostavljanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, the noun pretpostavka assumptionis used
instead.
This verb is usually used with a content clause clause as its object:
Pretpostavljam [da imaš malo vremena]. I suppose you have sometime.
prevoditi («) ~ prevesti (prevede,preveo) translate

pres-1 prevodim prevedem inf prevoditi prevesti
pres-3 prevodi prevede pres- past-m prevodio preveo
3pl prevode prevedu pres. adv. past-f prevodila prevela
prevodeći — pass. adj. prevođen preveden
imper-2prevodi prevedi gerund prevođenje —
This verb pair is used with objects in A, and optional destinationsand origins. Pay
attention that languages use the preposition s¨/ sa¨for origins and na¨for
destinations and locations:
Ana prevodi s engleskog. Anatranslates fromEnglish.
Ana je prevela knjigu s engleskog na hrvatski. Anahas translated the book from
English to Croatian.
pričati ~ is- («) tell

pres-1 pričam ispričam inf pričati ispričati
pres-3 priča ispriča past-m pričao ispričao
pres-3pl pričaju ispričaju past-f pričala ispričala
pres. adv. pričajući — pass. adj. pričan ispričan
imper-2 pričaj ispričaj gerund pričanje —
This verb pair is traditionally used to tell narration, e.g. a story, or to talk about
something; what is told is an object in A, and an optional recipient is in DL:
Ana je ispričala kratku priču Goranu. Anatold Gorana short story.
The object can be expressed with a nounclause:
Ivan je ispričao [što se dogodilo]. Ivan told what has happened.
Colloquially, this verb pair also covers meanings expressed by pairs govoriti («) ~reći
(reče / kaže,...) speak, say and razgovarati («) talk with someone, converse:
Pričao sams Anom. I talked to Ana. (colloq.)
prihvaćati ~ prihvatitiaccept
pres-1 prihvaćam prihvatim inf prihvaćati prihvatiti
pres-3 prihvaća prihvati past-m prihvaćao prihvatio
pres-3pl prihvaćaju prihvate past-f prihvaćala prihvatila
pres. adv. prihvaćajući — pass. adj. prihvaćan prihvaćen
imper-2 prihvaćaj prihvati gerund prihvaćanje —
This verb pair can be used with an object (what is accepted) in A:

Ana je prihvatila objašnjenje. Anahas accepted theexplanation.
The verbs are often used with content clauses, starting with da, and using any tense, or
with noun clauses, starting with forms of tko and što:
Ana ne prihvaća [da mora čekati satima]. Anadoesn't accept [she has to wait for
hours].
Neprihvaćam [što su mi rekli]. I don't accept [what they toldme].
The pair also appears as Bosnia, Serbia: prihvatati ~ prihvatiti
primati ~ primiti receive

pres-1 primam primim inf primati primiti
pres-3 prima primi past-m primao primio
pres-3pl primaju prime past-f primala primila
pres. adv. primajući — pass. adj. priman primljen
imper-2 primaj primi gerund primanje —

Ivana je primila poruku. Ivana has received amessage.
To specify sources, origins can be added (for persons: od¨+G):
Ivana je primila poruku od Ane. Ivana has received a message from Ana.
pripadati ~~ pripasti (pripadne) belong

pres-1 pripadam pripadnem inf pripadati pripasti
pres-3 pripada pripadne past-m pripadao pripao
pres-3pl pripadaju pripadnu past-f pripadala pripala
pres. adv. pripadajući — pass. adj. pripadan —
imper-2 pripadaj pripadni gerund pripadanje —
This verb is used to express belonging to someone or something(expressed in DL):

Auto pripada Ani. The car belongs toAna.
pripremati («) ~ pripremiti («) prepare

pres-1 pripremam pripremim inf pripremati pripremiti
pres-3 priprema pripremi past-m pripremao pres-3pl pripremio
pripremaju pripreme past-f pripremala pres. adv. pripremila
pripremajući — pass.adj. pripreman pripremljen
imper-2 pripremaj pripremi gerund pripremanje *
* There’s no regular perf.verbal noun, priprema is used when needed.

The verb pair is used with objects in A, where English often uses verbs make:
Ana priprema ručak. Anais preparinglunch.
You can also prepare someone (in A) for something (za¨+ A):
Ana priprema Goranaza školu. Ana is preparing Goranforschool.
If you prepare on your own, e.g. like English get ready, you have to use se²:
Pripremamose za vikend. We’repreparing for the weekend.
If you prepare (or prepare someone) to do something, it’s expressed byan clause (in
any tense, present of perf. verbsstands for future) starting with da:
Pripremi se [da ćeš dugo čekati]. Prepare for a long wait.
probati perf.try
pres-1 probam inf probati
pres-3 proba past-m probao
pres-3pl probaju past-f probala
pres. adv. probajući pass. adj. —
imper-2 probaj gerund *
* There’s no regular verbal noun, proba is used whenneeded.

The verb is slightly colloquial. It’s usually used in the past or future tense, since it’s
essentially perfective. It can be used with another verb in infinitive, which can have its
objects, and so on:
Goran je probao stajati na jednoj nozi. Goranhas tried to stand on one leg.
Unlike pokušavati («) ~ pokušati, this verb can be also used with objects in A; it also
corresponds to English try on (for clothes) and try out (i.e.test):
Ana je probala kolač. Anahas tried the cake.
Ivan je probao hlače. Ivan has tried the trouserson.
prodavati (prodaje) ~ prodatisell

pres-1 prodajem prodam inf prodavati prodati
pres-3 prodaje prodapast-m prodavao pres-3pl prodaju prodao
* prodaju past-f prodavala pres. adv. prodavajući — prodala
pass.adj. prodavan plodan
imper-2 prodavaj prodaj gerund prodavanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, prodaja is used whenneeded.

The verb pair is used with objects in A and optional recipients (i.e. buyers) in DL:
Ana je prodala kuću. Anahas sold thehouse.
Ana je prodala kuću Marku. Anahas sold the houseto Marko.
Witha se², in thepresenttense it corresponds to Englishonsale andSpanishse venda:
Kuća se prodaje. The house is on sale. (lit. ‘is being sold’)
prolaziti ~ proći (...) pass

pres-1 prolazim prođem inf prolaziti proći
pres-3 prolazi prođe past-m prolazio prošao
pres-3pl prolaze prođu past-f prolazila prošla
pres. adv. prolazeći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 prolazi prođi gerund prolaženje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, prolazak (prolask-) is used when needed.
This pair is usually used without an object:
Zima je prošla. The winterpassed.
As in English, it can be used with objects (in A) in meaning go past or acrosssomething:
Prošli smonjegovu kuću. Wehave passed his house.
This pair is not used in meaning pass ball, or pass salt: for that, the pair dodavati ~
dodati is used.
The past form of the perf. verb is used as a real adjective, in the meaning last, previous,
past (as with other past forms used as adjectives, a form with -i, prošli is the basic
form):
Prošla zima je bila hladna. The last/past winter was cold.
It’s a very commonadjective, morecommonthan English past. The phrase prošlo
vrijeme meanspast tense.
The verb also appears as Kajkavian: projti (projdɛ, prošel,prošla)
(non-standard in Croatian): Čakavian: projti (projde, prošal,prošla)
provjeravati («) ~ provjeriti check,verify

pres-1 provjeravam provjerim inf provjeravati provjeriti
pres-3 provjerava provjeri past-m provjeravao pres-3pl provjerio
provjeravaju provjere past-f provjeravala pres. adv. provjerila
provjeravajući — pass.adj. provjeravan provjeren
imper-2 provjeravaj provjeri gerund provjeravanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, provjera is used whenneeded.

This pair is usually used with content clauses, normally formed out of questions:
Provjerio sam [ima li mlijeka]. I’ve checked if there’s any milk.
Ana provjerava [gdje je ključ]. Anais checking wherethe key is.
Provjeri [do kad radi trgovina]. Check‘until when’ the shop works. (i.e. check the
closingtime)
Provjerit ću [kod koga je knjiga]. I’ll check ‘at whom’ the book is. (i.e. whohas the
book)
This pair can be also used with objects inA:
Provjerio sam kupaonicu. I’ve checked thebathroom.
provoditi («) ~ provesti (provede, proveo) spend(time)

pres-1 provodim provedem inf provoditi provesti
pres-3 provodi provede pres- past-m provodio proveo
3pl provode provedu pres. adv. past-f provodila provela
provodeći — pass. adj. provođen proveden
imper-2provodi provedi gerund provođenje —
This verb pair is used mostly to express spending time, e.g. holidays, afternoons, days,
weekends etc. It’s used with locations:
Proveli smodva dana u Dubrovniku. Wespent twodays inDubrovnik.
This pair is not used for spendingmoneyor other resources; for such purposes, trošiti
~ po-(«) isused.
puštati ~ pustiti release, let go

pres-1 puštam pustim inf puštati pustiti
pres-3puštapusti past-mpuštao pres-3plpuštaju pustio
puste past-f puštala pres. adv. puštajući — pustila
pass.adj. puštan pušten
imper-2 puštaj pusti gerund puštanje —
The pair meansrelease, let go and it’s used with objects inA:
Goran je pustio balon. Goranhas let the balooon go.
Colloquially, it can beused to play musicor movies:
Danas puštaju super pjesme. (colloq.) They play great songstoday.
putovati (putuje) ~ ot-, do-travel

impf. perf. perf. (C)
pres-1 putujem otputujem doputujem
pres-3 putuje otputuje doputuje
pres-3pl putuju otputuju doputuju
pres.adv. putujući — —
imper-2 putuj otputuj doputuj
inf putovati otputovati doputovati

past-m putovao otputovao doputovao
past-f putovala otputovala doputov
ala
pass. adj. — — —
gerund putovanje * — —
* There’s a very similar noun that’s spelled like the gerund(the only difference is the
stress): putovanje travel.
rather form a go-come pair: the verb derived with od-is simply the perfective version
of the impf. verb; it covers depart as well.
used to; it’s essentially comeby traveling.
Putujemo u Split. We’retravelling to Split.
Otputovali smo u Split. Wehave departed to Split.
Doputovali smo u Split. Wehave arrived toSplit.
raditi work, do
pres-1 radim inf raditi
pres-3 radi past-m radio
pres-3pl rade past-f radila
pres. adv. radeći pass. adj. rađen
imper-2 radi gerund *
* There’s noregular verbal noun, rad workis used when needed.

This verb is used with locations:
Ivan radi u bolnici. Ivan worksin a hospital.
In questions, the verb is used as a generic verb, like Englishdo:
Što radiš? Whatare youdoing?
Impersonal mediopassive, with o¨+ DL, meansit is/wasabout:
Radi se o kvaru na motoru. It’s about an enginefault.
rađati ~ roditi givebirth

pres-1 rađam rodim inf rađati roditi
pres-3 rađa rodi past-m rađao pres-3pl rađaju rodio
rode past-f rađala pres. adv. rađajući —pass. rodila
adj.rađan rođen
imper-2 rađaj rodi gerund rađanjerođenje
The impf. verb is used only for ongoing births or general statements.
The perf. verb is used with an object inA:
Ana je rodila Gorana. Anagave birth toGoran.
Both verbs can be used with a se², the meaning is mediopassive, that is, something
happens or has happenedto the subject, but wedon’t knowor won’t say whois
causingit:
Goran se rodio prije 10 godina. Goranwasborn10 years ago.
(Note that the sentence above is in the past tense in Croatian.)
Instead of mediopassive, passive adjectives can be used: Goran
je rođen prije 10 godina. Goranwasborn10 yearsago.
(Note that the sentence above is in the present tense inCroatian.)
razgovarati («) talk with someone, converse

pres-1 razgovaram inf razgovarati
pres-3 razgovara past-m razgovarao pres-3pl
razgovaraju past-f razgovarala pres. adv.
razgovarajućipass.adj. —
imper-2 razgovaraj gerund *
* There’s no regular verbal noun, razgovor conversation is used whenneeded.

This verb is used when morethan one people talk, i.e. when they converse. For one-
sided talk, govoriti («) is used.
Other sides of conversation are expressed with s¨/ sa¨ + I:
Razgovarao sam s Anom. I talked to Ana.
Razgovarat ću s njima. I’ll talk tothem.
The topic of conversation is expressed with o¨+DL:
Razgovarali smo o Ivanu. Wetalked aboutIvan.
Colloquially, the verb pričati ~ is-(«) is used often instead.
razmišljati («) ~ razmisliti think (aboutsomething)

pres-1 razmišljam razmislim inf razmišljati razmisliti
pres-3 razmišlja razmisli past-m razmišljao razmislio
pres-3pl razmišljaju razmisle past-f razmišljala razmislila
pres. adv. razmišljajući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 razmišljaj razmisli gerund razmišljanje —
This verb pair is used in two ways. First, you can think about some thing or person,
expressed with o¨+ DL:
Ana razmišlja o odmoru. Anais thinking aboutvacation.
Then, you can think about doing something; this is usually expressed with a clause
starting withda:
Ana razmišlja [da ode kući]. Anais thinking about leavinghome.
razumjeti (razumije,...)understand
pres-1 razumijem inf razumjeti
pres-3 razumije past-m razumio
pres-3pl razumiju past-f razumjela
pres. adv. — pass. adj. —
imper-2 razumij gerund —
This verb can be used with an object (a person or somethingyou understand or not) in
A:
Ana nije razumjela problem. Ana didn’t understand theproblem.
Ivana razumije Anu. Ivana understandsAna.
This verb is essentially perfective, i.e. duration cannot be normally expressed with it.
The verb is often used with content clauses, and using any tense:
Ana razumije [što je Ivana rekla]. Ana understands what Ivana hassaid.
In comparison with a very similar verb pair shvaćati ~~ shvatiti, this verb is also used
for physical understanding, e.g. over a noisy phone line.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: razumiti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: razumeti
rezati (reže) ~ od-, pre- cut

pres-1 režem odrežem inf rezati odrezati
pres-3 reže odreže past-m rezao odrezao
pres-3pl režu odrežu past-f rezala odrezala
pres. adv. režući— pass. adj. — odrezan
imper-2 reži odreži gerund rezanje —
This pair has two perfective verbs: one with od-expresses cutting of a smaller piece
from a larger piece (e.g. a slice of bread), while one with pre-meansjust cutting
somethingin two (e.g. a rope).
Both perf. verbs have exactly the same form, just the prefix is different, so only one is
listed.
Whatis cut or cut off is expressed in A:
Ana reže kruh. Anais cuttingbread.
Anaje odrezala komadkolača. Anahascutoff apiece of cake.
The veb pair also appears as Ikavian: rizati (riže)
rješavati («) ~ riješiti solve (problem); se² get rid of

pres-1 rješavam riješim inf rješavati riješiti
pres-3 rješava riješi past-m rješavao riješio
pres-3pl rješavaju riješe past-f rješavala riješila
pres. adv. rješavajući — pass. adj. rješavan riješen
imper-2 rješavaj riješi gerund rješavanje rješenje

Ana je riješila problem. Anahas solved theproblem.
Goran mora riješiti zadaću. Goranhas to solve the homework.
With a se² and an object in G, the verb pair meansget ridof:
Ana se riješila starog auta. Anagot rid of theold car.
The verb pair also appears as Ikavian: rišavati («) ~ rišiti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: rešavati («) ~rešiti
rušiti ~ s- demolish, tear down

pres-1 rušim srušim inf rušiti srušiti
pres-3 ruši sruši past-m rušio pres-3pl ruše srušio
sruše past-f rušila pres. adv. rušeći —pass. srušila
adj. rušen srušen
imper-2 ruši sruši gerund rušenje —

Vjetar je srušio stablo. The wind has knockeddownthetree.
205 Essennal Croanan Verbs & Verb Pairs (rev. 2) 133 /177
sastajati (sastaje) se² ~¹ sastati (sastane) se² meet(longer meeting,

planned)
pres-1 sastajem sastanem inf sastajati sastati
pres-3 sastaje sastane past-m sastajao sastao
pres-3pl sastaju sastanu past-f sastajala sastala
pres. adv. sastajući —imper-2 pass. adj. — —
sastaj sastani gerund sastajanje *
* There’s no regular smlf. verbal noun, the noun sastanak (sastank-) meeting is used
whenneeded.
This verb pair is always used with se². The subjectsmeet:
Ana i Ivana su se sastale. AnaandIvanamet.
Anotherway to express another party is with s¨/sa¨+ I:
Ana se sastala s Ivanom. AnametIvana.
The verb sastati (sastane) se² is semelfactive, i.e. it stands for a single meeting, while
the impf. verb implies ongoing or repeating events in past andfuture.
The pair implies a planned meeting; for accidental or brief meetings, the pair sretati
sreće ~ sresti (sretne, sreo) isused.
shvaćati ~~ shvatitiunderstand
pres-1 shvaćam shvatim inf shvaćati shvatiti
pres-3 shvaća shvati past-m shvaćao pres-3pl shvatio
shvaćaju shvatepast-fshvaćala pres. adv. shvaćajući shvatila
— pass.adj. shvaćan shvaćen
imper-2 shvaćaj shvati gerund shvaćanje —
This verb pair can be used with an object (a person or somethingyou understand or
not) in A:
Ana nije shvatila problem. Anadidn’t understandtheproblem.
Ivana shvaća Anu. Ivana understandsAna.
The verbs are often used with content clauses, starting with da, and using anytense:
Ana shvaća [da nemadovoljno novca]. Anaunderstands she doesn’t have enough
money.
The pair also appears as Bosnia, Serbia: shvatati ~~ shvatiti
sjećati se² ~~ sjetiti se² remember(recall, come to mind)

pres-1 sjećam sjetim inf sjećati sjetiti
pres-3 sjeća sjeti past-m sjećao sjetio
pres-3pl sjećaju sjete past-f sjećala sjetila
pres. adv. sjećajući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — sjeti gerund sjećanje —
This verb pair is virtually alwaysused with se².

Unlike English, Croatian distinguishes storing into memory from retrieving something
from memory; this verb pair expresses only retrieving somethingwhen needed or
desired. If you can get a fact from your memory, it’s expressed with the impf. verb and a
content clause (using anytense):
Sjećam se [gdje je auto]. I recall wherethe car is. (I can get it from mymemory)
The ‘inchoative’ verb sjetiti se² in past tense is often usedto express that you have
recalled somethingjust now(and previouslyyou couldn’t):
Sjetila sam se [gdje je auto]. I remembernowwhere the car is. (femalespeaking)
This verb has ‘inchoative’ meaning,since from the momentyou recall something, you
are aware of it. Therefore, it corresponds to English cometo mind.
It’s also very common to use this verb when you remembered(or didn’t) to do
something(expressed in infinitive, with possible objects, etc.):
Jesi li se sjetio zatvoriti prozor? Did you rememberto close the window?
If you failed to do something, it’s not necessarily permanent loss of memory:
Nisam se sjetio zatvoriti prozor. I didn’t rememberto close the window. A
similar meaning is expressed with zaboraviti perf. forget as well:
Zaboravio samzatvoriti prozor. I forgot to close thewindow.
Finally, if you recall somebody or something, it’s expressed just as an object in G:
Ana se sjetila Ivane. Ivana cameto Ana’s mind.
The pair also appears as Ikavian: sićati se² ~ sititise²
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: sećati se² ~ setiti se²
sjedati ~ sjesti (sjedne, sjeo) sit down

pres-1 sjedam sjednem inf sjedati sjesti
pres-3 sjeda sjednepast-msjedao pres-3pl sjedaju sjeo
sjednu past-f sjedala pres. adv. sjedajući — sjela
pass.adj. — —
imper-2 sjedaj sjedni gerund sjedanje —
This verb pair is dynamic sit down, in contrast to sjediti, which is static sit. This pair is
used with destinations. The perf. verb is mostly used (its relation with sjediti sit is
start-of-state, i.e. ‘inchoative’):
Ana je sjela na kauč Anahas sat downon thecouch.
The pair also appears as Ikavian: sidati ~ sisti (sidne, sio /sija)
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: sedati ~ sesti (sedne, seo)
sjediti sit
pres-1 sjedim inf sjediti
pres-3 sjedi past-m sjedio
pres-3pl sjede past-f sjedila
pres. adv. sjedeći pass. adj. —gerund
imper-2 sjedi sjedenje
This verb is static, imperfective, i.e. it expresses continuous sitting somewhere

(expressed as a location):
Ana sjedi na kauču Anais sitting on the couch.
The verb is quite similar to sjesti (sjedne, sjeo) perf. sit down; however, the perf. verb
doesn’t havethe -i-, andhas -n- in thepresenttense.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: siditi
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: sedeti (sedi)
skretati (skreće) ~ skrenuti (skrene) turn (change direction)

pres-1 skrećem skrenem inf skretati skrenuti
pres-3 skreće skrene past-m skretao skrenuo
pres-3pl skreću skrenu past-f skretala skrenula
pres. adv. skrećući —imper- pass. adj. — —
2 skreći skreni gerund skretanje —
This verb pair is mostly used when turning while driving:

Ana je skrenula lijevo. Anahas turnedleft.
skidati ~ skinuti (skine) take off, takedown, remove

pres-1 skidam skinem inf skidati skinuti
pres-3 skida skine past-m skidao skinuo
pres-3pl skidaju skinu past-f skidala skinula
pres. adv. skidajući — pass. adj. skidan skinut
imper-2 skidaj skini gerund skidanje —
With things placed in places that use the preposition na¨, this pair is the oppositeof
stavljati ~ staviti put. It uses objects in Aandorigins
Ana je skinula sliku sa zida. Anahas removedthe picturefrom the wall.
This verb pair is very often used as the opposite of oblačiti («) ~ obući (obuče,...) put
on (clothes). Clothes taken off are expressed inA:
Goran je skinuo majicu. Goranhastaken his shirt off.
In this use, you can express that somebody is taking clothes off from someone else.
The person taking theclothes off is thesubject (in N), andthe person undressed is in
DL:
Ana je skinula Goranu majicu. Ana has taken Goran’sshirtoff.
Whenyou are taking clothes from yourself, sometimessa sebe from
himself/herself/themselves will be added, with nochange inmeaning:
Goran je skinuo majicu sa sebe. Goranhastakenhis shirtoff.
slati (šalje) ~ po- send

pres-1 šaljem pošaljem inf slati poslati
pres-3 šalje pošalje past-m slao poslao
pres-3pl šalju pošalju past-f slala poslala
pres. adv. šaljući — pass. adj. — poslan
imper-2 šalji pošalji gerund slanje —
This verb pair is used with an object in A (what is sent), and an optional recipient in DL:
Ana je poslala Ivani poruku. Anahas sent a message toIvana.
slušatilisten
pres-1 slušam inf slušati
pres-3 sluša past-m slušao
pres-3pl slušaju past-f slušala
pres. adv. slušajući pass. adj. slušan
imper-2 slušaji gerund slušanje

Goran sluša radio. Goranis listening to the radio.
smetati ~¹ za-(«) disturb, bother, be anuisance

pres-1 smetam zasmetam inf smetati zasmetati
pres-3 smeta zasmeta past-m smetao zasmetao pres-3pl smetaju
zasmetaju past-f smetala zasmetala pres. adv. smetajući —
pass. adj. — zasmetan
imper-2 smetaj — gerundsmetanje *
*There’s no regularsmlf. verbalnoun,thenounsmetnja is usedwhenneeded.

This pair is similar to sviđati (sviđa,...) se²: what causes disturbance is the subject, and
whois disturbed is an object in DL:
Bukamismeta.Thenoiseis disturbingme.
(Moreexamplesarecomingsoon)
smijati (smije) se² laugh

pres-1 smijem inf smijati
pres-3 smije past-m smijao pres-3pl
smiju past-f smijala pres. adv. smijući
pass.adj.—
imper-2smijgerund smijanje
Thisverbis alwaysusedwithse², withoutany objects:

Goransesmije.Goranislaughing.
The verb also appears as Ekavian: smejati (smeje)se²
smjeti (smije) may, be allowed to

pres-1 smijem inf smjeti
pres-3 smije past-m smio
pres-3pl smiju past-f smjela
pres. adv. — pass. adj. —
This verb is usually used in negative, when somebody is not allowed to do something,
with another verb in infinitive, which can have its objects and soon:
Nesmiješ skakati po krevetu. You must not jumpon the bed.
In everyday language, as in English, to express non-negated meaning is allowed, the
verb moći (može+, ...) can is used.
In some Croatian regions and neigboring countries (Bosnia, Serbia) this verb also
meansdare; this meaning is archaic in most of Croatia, the verb pair usuđivati
(usuđuje) se² ~ usuditi («) se² is used to express thatmeaning.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: smiti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: smeti
spajati ~ spojiti connect

pres-1 spajam spojim inf spajati spojiti
pres-3 spaja spoji past-m spajao spojio
pres-3pl spajaju spoje past-f spajala spojila
pres. adv. spajajući — pass. adj. spajan spojen
imper-2 spajaj spoji gerund spajanje —
This verb pair is used with objects in A, and destinations –where the object is
connected to:
Ana je spojila radio u struju. Ana has connected the radio to power. (lit. ‘intocurrent’)
spavati ~~ zaspati (zaspi) sleep

pres-1 spavam zaspim * inf spavati zaspati
pres-3spavazaspi*past-mspavao pres-3plspavaju zaspao
zaspe * past-f spavala pres. adv. spavajući — zaspala
pass.adj. — —
imper-2 spavaj zaspi gerund spavanje—
* The perf. verb zaspati has alternative, non-standard present forms (e.g. pres-3
zaspe, etc.) that are quite commonin more eastern regions of Croatia (and in Serbia,
but they aren’t accepted as standard anywhere).
This verb is used without objects:
Goran spava. Goranissleeping.
The perf. verb is ‘inchoative’; it usually corresponds to English fallasleep:
Goran je brzo zaspao. Goranquickly fell asleep.
spremati ~ spremiti tidy; put to its place, store; prepare

pres-1 spremam spremim inf spremati spremiti
pres-3 sprema spremi past-m spremao spremio
pres-3pl spremaju spreme past-f spremala spremila
pres. adv. spremajući — pass. adj. spreman spremljen
imper-2 spremaj spremi gerund spremanje —
This verb pair has the basic meaning:bring something/someoneto the

optimal/requested state. It’s basically used for three things. First, to putthings
(expressed in A) back to their places, e.g. if a book is out of its usual place (shelf), a toy is
out of the box,etc.:
Spremio sam knjige. I’ve put the books back in place.
If the place is expressed, it’s a destination:
Spremio sam knjige na policu. I’ve put the books back to theshelf.
Then, this pair covers the meanings prepare. It’s used with an object or with a se²:
Spremio sam ručak. I’ve preparedlunch.
Spremio sam se. I’ve prepared(myself).
The same meaning is expressed also bypripremati («) ~ pripremiti («) prepare.
Finally, the third meaning istidy:
Spremio sam sobu. I’ve tidied theroom
stajati (staje) ~ stati (stane) stop, come to halt

pres-1 stajem stanem inf stajati stati
pres-3 staje stane past-m stajao stao
pres-3pl staju stanu past-f stajala stala
pres. adv. stajući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — stani gerund stajanje —
This verb is used for dynamic standing, i.e. going to stand somewhere;it’s used
without objects and optional destinations:
Goran je stao na krevet. Goranhas stood on thebed.
Ana je stala pred vrata. Anahas stood in front of thedoor.
stajati (stoji) stand

pres-1 stojim inf stajati
pres-3 stoji past-m stajao
pres-3pl stoje past-f stajala
pres. adv. stojeći * pass. adj. —imper-
2 stoj gerund stajanje
* The present adverb stojeći is also used as a true adjective, meaning standing,
stationary.
This verb is used for static standing; it’s used without objects and optional locations:
Goran stoji na krevetu. Goranis standing on the bed.
Anastoji pred vratima.Anais standingin front of the door.
stavljati ~ staviti put

pres-1 stavljam stavim inf stavljati staviti
pres-3 stavlja stavi past-m stavljao stavio
pres-3pl stavljaju stave past-f stavljala stavila
pres. adv. stavljajući — pass. adj. stavljan stavljen
imper-2 stavljaj stavi gerund stavljanje —
This pair is used with objects in A, and destinations (unlike in English!) for where you
putsomething:
Stavio sampivo u frižider. I’ve put the beer in the fridge.
stizati (stiže) ~ stići (stigne,...) get, arrive, make ontime

pres-1 stižem stignem inf stizati stići
pres-3 stiže stigne past-m stizao stigao
pres-3pl stižu stignu past-f stizala stigla
pres. adv. stižući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — stigni gerund stizanje —
This verb pair meansreaching a point in space, time or both:

Ani je stigla na posao. Anahas arrived towork.
Negative usually implies reaching somethingtoo late, or not reaching at all (depending
on the context):
Ani nije stigla na sastanak. Anadidn't get to the meeting (ontime).
It can also be used with another verb in infinitive, which can have its objects, and so
on, to express that somebody had time to dosomething;it’s usually used in negative:
Ani nije stigla kupiti kruh. Ana hadno time to buy bread.
sviđati se² ~~ svidjeti (svidi,...) se² like

pres-1 sviđam svidim inf sviđati svidjeti
pres-3 sviđa svidi past-m sviđao svidio
pres-3pl sviđaju svide past-f sviđalasvidjela
imper-2 — — gerund — —
This verb pair is always used with a se². Cases are in the "inverse" mode: whatis liked is
the subject (in N), and wholikes is expressed in DL:
Ani se sviđa Ivan. Analikes Ivan.
svirati ~ od-(«) ~ za-(«) play (music)

pres-1 sviram odsviram zasviram inf svirati odsvirati zasvirati
pres-3 svira odsvira zasvira past-m svirao pres-3pl sviraju odsvirao zasvirao
odsviraju zasviraju past-f svirala pres. adv. svirajući — odsvirala zasvirala
— pass.adj. sviran odsviran —
imper-2 sviraj odsviraj zasviraj gerund sviranje — —
The impf verb used with an optional object in A, which can be a song or aninstrument:
Ana svira. Anaisplaying.
Ana svira gitaru. Anais playing aguitar.
Twoperfective verbs are a standard perfective, for playing somethingto the end, and
an ‘inchoative’ verb, meaning start playing. The standard perfective verb requires an
object in A:
Ana je zasvirala. Anastartedplaying.
Goran je odsvirao pjesmu. Goranhas played a song.
šaliti se² ~ na- joke

pres-1 šalim našalim inf šaliti našaliti
pres-3 šali našali past-m šalio našalio
pres-3pl šale našale past-f šalila našalila
pres. adv. šaleći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 šali našali gerund — —
This verb pair is always used with a se². It can be used without anyobject:
Ivan se našalio. Ivan joked.
It can be also used with a content clause, i.e. a da-clause in any tense (but noperf.
verbs inpresent):
Goran se šali [da je dinosaur]. Goranis joking [he’s a dinosaur].
trajati (traje) last

pres-1 trajem inf trajati
pres-3 traje past-m trajao
pres-3pl traju past-f trajala
pres. adv. trajući pass. adj. —imper-
2 — gerund trajanje
This verb is used with time periods in A:

Posao traje jednu godinu. The job lasts for a year.
It can be used with other time periods (hereI-pl):
Loše vrijeme je trajalo tjednima. The badweather lasted for weeks.
It can beused with timeadverbs:
Zima još traje. The winter is still notover.
Zima dugo traje. Winter lasts for a longtime.
tražiti look for, ask for

pres-1 tražim inf tražiti
pres-3 traži past-m tražio
pres-3pl traže past-f tražila
pres. adv. tražeći pass. adj. tražen
imper-2 traži gerund traženje

Ana traži ključeve. Ana is looking for the keys.
Ana je tražio Anu. Goranwas looking for Ana.
trčati ~ o-, do-~ po- run

pres-1 trčim otrčim potrčim inf trčati otrčati potrčati
pres-3 trči otrči potrči past-m trčao otrčao potrčao
pres-3pl trče otrče potrče past-f trčala otrčala potrčala
pres. adv. trčeći — — pass. adj. trčan * otrčan* —
imper-2 trči otrči potrči gerund trčanje — —
rather form a go-come pair: the verb derived with o-is simply the perfective version of
the impf. verb; it covers run awayas well.
used; it’s essentially comebyrunning.
Goran trči. Goranisrunning.
Goran je otrčao. Goranranaway.
trebati need / should

pres-1 trebam inf trebati
pres-3 treba past-m trebao
pres-3pl trebaju past-f trebala
pres. adv. trebajući pass. adj. —
This verb can be used with objects in A:

Ana treba čašu. Ananeeds aglass.
It can be used with another verb in infinitive, which can have objects,etc.
Goran treba spavati. Goranshould sleep.
It’s often used in the ‘reverse’ mode, where what’s needed is the subject (in N), and
one whoneeds is inDL:
Ani treba čaša. Ananeeds aglass.
In Serbia, this verb is usually used impersonally when usedwith another verb.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: tribati
trošiti ~ po-(«) spend (money,resources)

pres-1 trošim potrošim inf trošiti potrošiti
pres-3 troši potroši past-m trošio potrošio
pres-3pl troše potroše past-f trošila potrošila
pres. adv. trošeći —imper-2 pass. adj. trošen potrošen
troši potroši gerund trošenje —
This verb pair can be used with objects in A:

Ivana je potrošila novac. Ivana has spent themoney.
This verb pair is not use to spend time or holidays: for these meanings,the pair
provoditi («) ~ provesti (provede, proveo) isused.
učiti ~ na-(«) learn, study,teach

pres-1 učim naučim inf učiti naučiti
pres-3 uči nauči past-m učio pres-3pl uče naučio
nauče past-f učila pres. adv. učeći — naučila
pass.adj. učen naučen
imper-2 uči nauči gerund učenje —
This pair has two meanings, depending on number of objects and their cases. When
used with 2objects –onein A: a person/animal– another in Aor a verb in infinitive:
whatis taught–it means teach:
Ivan uči Gorana matematiku. Ivan is teachingmathto Goran.
Ana je naučila Gorana plivati. AnataughtGorantoswim.
However, it’s morecommonto use this pair with a single object in Aor a verb in
infinitive, and it then meansstudy, learn:
Goran uči matematiku. Goranis studying math.
Goran je naučio Gorana plivati. Goranhas learnedto swim.
If you want to say e.g. Ivan teaches math,you have to used some generic word to
have twoobjects:
Ivan uči djecu matematiku. Ivan teaches mathtochildren.
Beware, here the Croatian noun djeca is herein A.
Anotherway is to use a moreformal verb pair predavati (predaje) ~ predati teach,
give lecture.
udarati ~¹ udaritihit
pres-1 udaram udarim inf udarati udariti
pres-3 udara udari past-m udarao udario
pres-3pl udaraju udare past-f udarala udarila
pres. adv. udarajući — pass. adj. udaran udaren
imper-2 udaraj udari * gerund udaranje *
* There’s no regular smlf. verbal noun, the noun udarac (udarc-) is used when needed.
The verb pair is used with objects in A:
Goran je udario loptu. Goranhas hit the ball.
uključivati (uključuje) ~ uključiti («) include, turn on (device)

pres-1 uključujem uključim inf uključivati uključiti
pres-3 uključuje uključi past-m uključivao uključio
pres-3pl uključuju uključe past-f uključivala uključila
pres. adv. uključujući —imper-2 pass. adj. — uključen
uključuj usključi gerund uključivanje —
The verbs are usedwith objects in A, usually for turning on various devices and power
supplies:
Ana je uključila pećnicu. Anahas turned the ovenon.
The verbs are also used with objects in A, inmeaning include:
Cijena ne uključuje osiguranje. The price doesn’t include insurance.
ulaziti ~ ući (uđe,...) enter, comein

pres-1 ulazim uđem inf ulaziti ući
pres-3 ulazi uđe past-m ulazio ušao
pres-3pl ulaze uđu past-f ulazila ušla
pres. adv. ulazeći — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 ulazi uđi gerund ulaženje *
* There’s noregular perf. verbal noun, ulazak (ulask-) is used when needed.
This verb is used with destinations andorigins:
Goran je ušao u auto. Goranhas entered thecar.
umirati (umire) ~ umrijeti (umre, umro) die

pres-1 umirem umrem inf umirati umrijeti
pres-3 umire umre past-m umirao umro
pres-3pl umiru umru past-f umirala umrla
pres. adv. umirući — pass. adj. — —
imper-2 — umri gerund umiranje —
This verb is used without anobject:

Anina baka je davno umrla. Ana’s grandmotherhas diedlong ago.
uništavati («) ~ uništitidestroy

pres-1 uništavam uništim inf uništavati uništiti
pres-3 uništava uništi past-m uništavao uništio
pres-3pl uništavaju unište past-f uništavala uništila
pres. adv. uništavajući — pass. adj. uništavan uništen
imper-2 — uništi gerund uništavanje uništenje
The verbs are usedwith objects inA:

Goran je uništio igračku. Ana has destroyedthe toy.
uspijevati («) ~ uspjeti (uspije,...) succeed

pres-1 uspijevam uspijem inf uspijevati uspjeti
pres-3 uspijeva uspije past-m uspijevao pres-3pl uspio
uspijevaju uspiju past-f uspijevala pres. adv. uspjela
uspijevajući — pass.adj. — —
imper-2 — uspi(j) gerund uspijevanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, uspjeh success is used when needed.
Unlike English, this pair uses another verb in inf, possibly with its object, etc.:
Uspiosamriješiti problem.I succeededinsolvingtheproblem.
Uspjela je otvoriti prozor. She managed to open the window.
Nisam uspio pročitati knjigu. I failed to read thebook.
They can be translated with English succeed or manage, but these verbs are not used
to ‘manage household’ and similar things –only to manageto dosomething.
The verb pair is often used in the ‘reverse’ mode: what is achieved (or not) is the
subject (in N), and the person (or animal) whowas responsible is optionally expressed
in DL. As usual, if the subject is a verb in inf, it behaves like neutersingular:
Uspjelo mi je riješiti problem. I succeeded in solving theproblem.
In this mode, the subject can be also somethingthat you succeeded in making(or
failed to make). Now you mustobserve the subjectgender:
Uspio namje kolač. Wesucceeded in making thecake.
uspoređivati (uspoređuje) ~ usporediti («) compare

pres-1 uspoređujem usporedim inf uspoređivati usporediti
pres-3 uspoređuje usporedi pres- past-m uspoređivao usporedio
3pl uspoređuju usporede pres. adv. past-f uspoređivala usporedila
uspoređujući — pass.adj. uspoređivan uspoređen
imper-2uspoređuj usporedi gerund uspoređivanje *
* There’s no regular perf.verbal noun, usporedba is used when needed.

The pair is used with objects in A or an object in A and another expressed bys¨/ sa¨+
I:
Usporedili smo dva filma. Wehave comparedthe twomovies.
Usporedila sam novi iPhone s novim Samsungom. I have comparedthe newiPhone
with the newSamsung.
The pair also appears as Bosnia, Serbia: upoređivati (upoređuje) ~ uporediti(«)
usuđivati (usuđuje) se² ~ usuditi («) se²dare

pres-1 usuđujem usudim inf usuđivati usuditi
pres-3 usuđuje usudi past-m usuđivao usudio
pres-3pl usuđuju usude past-f usuđivala usudila
pres. adv. usuđujući —imper- pass. adj. — —
2 usuđuj usudi gerund usuđivanje —
These verbs are always used with se², and another verb in infinitive, which can have its
objects, and so on:
Goran se nije usudio otvoriti vrata. Gorandidn't dare to openthedoor.
utjecati (utječe) influence

pres-1 utječem * inf utjecati*
pres-3 utječe* past-m utjecao *
pres-3pl utječu * past-f utjecala *
pres. adv. utječući * pass. adj. —
imper-2 utječi * gerund utjecanje **
* The verb has an alternative form uticati (utiče) which is not standard in Croatia.
** Instead of the verbal noun, the noun utjecaj influence is often used.
The verb is used with an object expressed with NA¨+ A:
Vrijeme utječe na ljude. The weather influencespeople.
uzimati ~ uzeti (uzme)take

pres-1 uzimam uzmem inf uzimati uzeti
pres-3 uzima uzme past-m uzimao pres-3pl uzeo
uzimaju uzmu past-f uzimala pres. adv. uzimajući uzela
— pass.adj. uziman uzet
imper-2 uzimaj uzmi gerund uzimanje—
The verbs are usedwith objects in A, and optional origins (od¨+ Gfor people):
Ana je uzela knjigu. Anatook thebook.
Ana je uzela knjigu od Ivane. Anatook the book fromIvana.
uživati («) enjoy

pres-1 uživam inf uživati
pres-3 uživa past-m uživao
pres-3pl uživaju past-f uživala
pres. adv. uživajući pass. adj. —gerund
imper-2 uživaj uživanje
This verb pair is usually used without objects in A; what is enjoyed can be expressed
with u¨+ DL, with an optionallocation:
Ana uživa. Anaisenjoying.
Ana uživa u odmoru. Anais enjoying thevacation.
vidjeti (vidi,...) see

pres-1 vidim inf vidjeti
pres-3 vidi past-m vidio
pres-3pl vide past-f vidjela
pres. adv. videći pass. adj. viđen
imper-2 vidi gerund viđenje
This verb pair translates as see or can see. It can be used with an object in A:
Vidim te. I can seeyou.
It can be also used with any kind of content clause:
Anavidi [gdje su ključevi]. Anacansee [where the keys are].
This verb is essentially perfective, i.e. duration cannot benormally expressed withit.
With a se², the meaning is mediopassive, and always translates as can be seen; when
used with a se², duration can beexpressed:
Vidi se mjesec. The mooncan beseen.
Mjesec se vidio cijelu noć. The mooncould be seen the wholenight.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: viditi
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: videti (vidi)
vjerovati (vjeruje) ~~ po-believe

pres-1 vjerujem povjerujem inf vjerovati povjerovati
pres-3 vjeruje povjeruje past-m vjerovao pres-3pl povjerovao
vjeruju povjeruju past-f vjerovala pres. adv. vjerujući povjerovala
imper-2 vjeruj — gerund vjerovanje —
This verb pair is used in a very similar way like the English verb. It can be usedwith
objects in DL:
Nevjeruj svakom. Don’t believe everyone.
It can be also used with content clauses, using any tense (butno perf. verbs in the
presenttense):
Vjerujemo [da ćemopobijediti]. Webelieve (that) we’re going towin.
However, the verb is used less often to express predictions in speech, comparedto
English: the verb misliti think is morecommon.
With u¨+ A, the meaning is believein:
Neki ljudi vjeruju u duhove. Some people believe inghosts.
The perf. verb is ‘inchoative’, i.e. it meansstart tobelieve.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: virovati (viruje)
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: verovati(veruje)
vježbati practice,rehearse
pres-1 vježbam inf vježbati
pres-3 vježba past-m vježbao pres-3pl
vježbaju past-f vježbala pres. adv.
vježbajući pass.adj.—
imper-2vježbaj gerundvježbanje
Theverbcanbeusedwithoutanobject,inmeaningexercise:
Anavježba.Anaisexercising.
WithanobjectinA,it correspondsalsotoEnglishpractise:
Goranje vježbaoengleski.Goranpractised English.
The verb also appears as Ekavian: vežbati
voditi lead, conduct

pres-1 vodim inf voditi
pres-3 vodi past-m vodio
pres-3pl vode past-f vodila
pres. adv. vodeći pass. adj. vođen
imper-2 vodi gerund vođenje
These verbs can be used without objects, in meaning be in front of somebody else (e.g.
lead in sports):
Naši vode. lit. ‘Ours are leading.’ = Our teamisleading.
With objects in A, it again corresponds to English lead (somebody, or idiomatically,
life):
Goran vodi Anu. Goranis leading Ana.
voljeti (voli,...) ~~ za-(«) love

pres-1 volim zavolim inf voljeti zavoljeti
pres-3 voli zavoli past-m volio zavolio
pres-3pl vole zavole past-f voljela zavoljela
pres. adv. voleći — pass. adj. voljen zavoljen
imper-2 voli zavoli gerund — —
This verb pair is used with persons or things in A.

Goran voli Anu. Goranloves Ana.
Ana voli čaj. Analikes tea.
It can be also used with other verbs in infinitive, possibly having additional objects,etc.
Ana voli kuhati. Analikes tocook.
Ana voli piti čaj. Ana likes to drinktea.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: voliti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: voleti (voli)
voziti drive
pres-1 vozim inf voziti
pres-3 vozi past-m vozio
pres-3pl voze past-f vozila
pres. adv. vozeći pass. adj. vožen
imper-2 vozi gerund voženje *
* Instead of the regular verbal noun, vožnja is muchmorecommon.

This verb is used with optional objects in A, and optionally destinations and origins; in
such sentences, the subject controls thevehicle:
Ana vozi auto. Anais driving acar.
Ana vozi u Split. Anais driving to Split.
This verb can be also used with se²; the meaning is kind of mediopassive; it’s not implied
that the subject is driving, but he or she is riding; nowthere’s no object, but the vehicle
can be specified as a location:
Ana se vozi u autu. Ana is riding acar.
Ana se vozi u Split. Anais riding toSplit.
vući (vuče,...) ~ povući (povuče,...) pull,drag

pres-1 vučem povučem inf vući povući
pres-3 vuče povuče past-m vukao povukao
pres-3pl vuku povuku past-f vukla povukla
pres. adv. vukući —imper- pass. adj. vučen povučen
2 vuci povuci gerund vučenje —

Goran vuče igračku. Goranis pulling atoy.
vraćati ~ vratiti return

pres-1 vraćam vratim inf vraćati vratiti
pres-3 vraća vrati past-m vraćao vratio
pres-3pl vraćaju vrate past-f vraćala vratila
pres. adv. vraćajući — pass. adj. vraćan vraćen
imper-2 vraćaj vrati gerund vraćanje —
Thisverb paircanbeusedwithanobject in A,andan optional recipient in DL:

Ana je vratila knjigu. Ana has returned the book.
Ana je vratila knjigu Ivani. Ana has returned the book toIvana.
Whenused with a se², the pair meansthat the subject returns, i.e. comes back:
Vraćamo se sutra. We’recomingbacktomorrow.
zaboravljati ~ zaboraviti forget

pres-1 zaboravljam zaboravim inf zaboraavljati zaboraviti
pres-3 zaboravlja zaboravi past-m zaboravljao zaboravio
pres-3pl zaboravljaju zaborave past-f zaboravljala zaboravila
pres. adv. zaboravljajući — pass. adj. — zaboravljen
imper-2 — zaboravi gerund zaboravljanje *
* There’s no regular of perf. verbal noun, the noun zaborav can be used instead.
Zaboravio samjaknu. I forgot thejacket.
It can be also used with any kind of content clause:
Ana je zaboravila [gdje su ključevi]. Ana forgot where the keys are.
When someone forgets to do something, it’s expressed in infinitive:
Anaje zaboravilazaključati vrata.Anaforgottolockthe door.
A similar meaning is expressed by the negation of the verb sjetiti se² perf. recall, come
tomind:
Anasenijesjetilazaključati vrata.Anadidn’tremembertolockthe door.
zaključavati («) ~ zaključati lock

pres-1 zaključavam zaključam inf zaključavati zaključati
pres-3 zaključava zaključa past-m zaključavao pres-3pl zaključao
zaključavaju zaključaju past-f zaključavala pres. adv. zaključala
zaključavajući — pass.adj. — zaključan
imper-2 zaključavaj zaključaj gerund zaključavanje —

Ana zaključava vrata. Ana is locking the door.
Vrata su zaključana. The door is locked.
The opposite meaning is expressed by otključavati («) ~ otključatiunlock.
zaključivati (zaključuje) ~ zaključiti («) conclude

pres-1 zaključujem zaključim inf zaključivati zaključiti
pres-3 zaključuje zaključi past-m zaključivao zaključio
pres-3pl zaključuju zaključe past-f zaključivala zaključila
pres. adv. zaključujući —imper-2 pass.adj. — zaključen
zaključuj zaključi gerund zaključivanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, zaključak (zaključk-) conclusion is used when
needed.
This verb pair is usually used with a da-clause in anytense:
Ana je zaključila [da mora otići na odmor]. Anahas concludedthat she has to go on
vacation.
This verb pair can be also used in meaning cometo an end (e.g. the meeting has
concluded), but it’s less common; passive mustbe used then, as e.g. a meetingwas
concluded (bythe participants):
Sastanak je zaključen. The meeting hasconcluded.
zanimati («)interest
pres-1 zanimam inf zanimati
pres-3 zanima past-m zanimao pres-3pl
zanimaju past-f zanimala pres. adv.
zanimajući pass.adj. —
imper-2 zanimaj gerund zanimanje*
The verbal noun zanimanje also meansprofession.

This verb is usually used ‘reverse’, with interesting things and people as subjects, and
persons that feel the interest in A:
Anu zanima film. The movie is interesting toAna.
Negation of this verb is similar to English don’t care. This is a commonphrase:
To mene zanima. That’s not interesting to me. = I don’t care about it.
It can bealso used with se², in meaning showinterest (in): the person whoshows
interest is then the subject, and the object of interest is expressed with za¨+A:
Ivan se zanima za Anu. Ivan is showinginterest in Ana.
zatvarati («) ~ zatvoriti («) close

pres-1 zatvaram zatvorim inf zatvarati zatvoriti
pres-3 zatvara zatvori past-m zatvarao pres-3pl zatvorio
zatvaraju zatvore past-f zatvarala pres. adv. zatvorila
zatvarajući — pass.adj. zatvaran zatvoren
imper-2 zatvaraj zatvori gerund zatvaranje—

Ana zatvara kutiju. Anais closing thebox.
Goran je zatvorio prozor. Goranhas closed the window.
With a se², the meaning is mediopassive, that is, somethinghappens or has happened
to the subject, butwe don’t knowor won’t say whois causingit:
Škola se zatvara sutra. The school is closingtomorrow.
Vrata su se zatvorila. The door hasclosed.
Dućan je zatvoren. The shop isclosed.
The opposite meaning is expressed by otvarati («) ~otvoriti («) open.
zaustavljati ~ zaustaviti halt, stop

pres-1 zaustavljam zaustavim inf zaustavljati zaustaviti
pres-3 zaustavlja zaustavi past-m zaustavljao pres-3pl zaustavio
zaustavljaju zaustave past-f zaustavljala pres. adv. zaustavila
zaustavljajući — pass.adj. zaustavljan zaustavljen
imper-2 zaustavljaj zaustavi gerund zaustavljanje —
These verbs are used with an object inA:

Ana je zaustavila auto. Anahas stopped thecar.
This verb pair is also used with se²: the meaning is mediopassive, i.e. something
happensor has happenedto the subject, butwedon’t say whois causing it, or it
happensonitsown:
Auto se zaustavio. The carstopped.
završavati («) ~ završiti («) finish, end

pres-1 završavam završim inf završavati završiti
pres-3 završava završi past-m završavao pres-3pl završio
završavaju završe past-f završavala pres. adv. završila
završavajući — pass.adj. — završen
imper-2 završavaj završi gerund završavanje *
* There’s no regular perf. verbal noun, završetak (završetk-) end is used whenneeded.
The verb pair is usually used with a noun standing for an activity as the subject,
without anything else:
Film je završio. The moviehas ended.
This pair meansan orderly, expected end; for things that can end in any time (e.g.
rain), the pair prestajati (prestaje) ~ prestati (prestane) stop, cease is used.
značiti mean, signify

pres-1 značim inf značiti
pres-3 znači past-m značio
pres-3pl znače past-f značila
pres. adv. značeći pass. adj. —
imper-2 — gerund značenje
This verb is often used with a person in DL and an adverb or indefinite pronoun as its
object; the subject is very often a demonstrativeadjective:
To mi znači puno. It meansa lot tome.
Instead of an object, a da-clause can be used, with verbs in any tense (butnot perf.
verbs in the present tense):
Znači [da moramići u banku]. It means[I have to go to thebank].
The word znači is frequently used as a filler in colloquial speech, to fill gaps or connect
sentences.
znatiknow
pres-1 znam inf znati
pres-3 zna past-m znao
pres-3pl znaju past-f znala
pres. adv. znajući pass. adj. znan
imper-2 znaj gerund znanje
Knowledge of somethingis expressed with objects in A:

Ivan zna matematiku. Ivan knows math.
Ana zna engleski. Ana ‘knows’ English. (i.e.speaks)
It can be also usedwith any kind of content clause:
Ana zna [gdje su ključevi]. Ana knows wherethe keys are.
Whensomeone knows howto do something, it’s expressed in infinitive:
Ana zna pjevati. Anaknowshowto sing.
In Bosnia and Serbia, the verb umjeti (umije) is often used to express the last meaning.
It’s also used in the southernmost parts of Croatia, including Dubrovnik.
zvati (zove) call

pres-1 zovem inf zvati
pres-3 zove past-m zvao
pres-3pl zovu past-f zvala
pres. adv. zovući pass. adj. zvan
imper-2 zovi gerund zvanje

Ana zove Ivanu. Anais callingIvana.
This verb is also often used with se²: the meaning is similar to mediopassive (exactly
like Spanish llamar): namingthe subject. Both the subject and the nameare in N:
Zovem se Ivan. Mynameis Ivan. (lit. ‘I’m calledIvan.’)
Onase zove Marija. Her nameis Marija. (lit. ‘She’s called Marija.’)
željeti (želi,...) want, desire

pres-1 želim inf željeti
pres-3 želi past-m želio
pres-3pl žele past-f željela
pres. adv. želeći pass. adj. željen
imper-2 — gerund *
* There’s no regular verbal noun; the noun želja wish is used when needed.
This pair can be used with objects in A:
Goran želi sladoled. Goranwantsice-cream.
Whensomeone wants to dosomething, it’s usually expressed ininfinitive:
Ana želi spavati. Ana wantstosleep.
Whensomeone wants somethingelse to happen, where he or she isn’t the subject, it’s
expressed byan atemporalclause (i.e. da + a verb in present, either impf. or perf. +
object etc.):
Ana želi [da Goran prestane vikati]. AnawantsGoranto stop screaming.
In such clause, the verb (bude) usually is used instead of biti (je² +) be:
Ana želi [da bude sunčano]. Anawantsit to besunny.
In Serbia, it’s morecommonto use atemporal clauses also in sentences of type Ana
wantstosleep..
The verb also appears as Ikavian: želiti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: želeti (želi)
živjeti (živi,...) live

pres-1 živim inf živjeti
pres-3 živi past-m živio
pres-3pl žive past-f živjela
pres. adv. živeći pass. adj. —
imper-2 živi gerund —
The verb is used without objects, with an optionallocation:

Ana živi u Zagrebu. Analives in Zagreb.
The verb also appears as Ikavian: živiti
(non-standard in Croatian): Ekavian: živeti (živi)

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pročitati zaspati (zaspi) kihnuti(kihne)

Alphabetical List of Verbs

gurati ~ gurnuti (gurne) push 47

navikavati («) ~ naviknuti (navikne) get used 75

pomagati (pomaže) ~ pomoći (pomogne,...)help 107

zaboravljati ~ zaboravitiforget 167

This verb is hard to translate into English, it meanssomeone is regularly pursuing

bježati (bježi) ~ pobjeći (pobjegne,...) run away,escape

* The imperative is sometimesshortened to just bjež, when used as an exclamation.

bojati (boji) se² be afraid

boljeti (boli,...) ~¹ za-(«) ache, feel pain

boriti se² fight, struggle

brinuti (brine) (se²) take care, worry

brisati (briše) ~ o- wipe

This verb pair is used with an object in A:

buditi ~ pro-(«) wakeup

crtati ~ na-draw (a sketch, picture)

* The imperative čekaj is often shortened to just ček, used as an exclamation.

čestitati («) congratulate

* As a verbal noun, the noun čestitka is morecommon.

činiti ~ u-(«) do; se² seem

čitati ~ pro- read

čuti (čuje) hear

Thisverbbehaves partly like a perf. verb,butit’s usedinthepresenttense,inmeaning

It’s used with an object in A:

davati (daje) ~ datigive

dešavati («) se² ~ desiti («) se² happen (colloq.)

This verb pair is always used with a se².

dobivati («) ~ dobiti (dobije)get

* There are alternative, non-standard present forms dobija and dobi.

događati («) se² ~ dogoditi («) se²happen

dogovarati («) (se²) ~ dogovoriti («) (se²) negotiate,agree

dolaziti ~ doći (dođe, ...) come

donositi («) ~ donijeti (donese,...) bring (by carrying)

Thisverbpairis usedwithobjects in A,andoptional destinationsandorigins:

dopuštati («) ~ dopustiti («) allow,let

dovoditi («) ~dovesti(dovede, doveo)bring (someone)

držati (drži) hold

This verb is used with an object in A:

gasiti ~ u-(«) extinguish, turn off

gledati ~ po- watch

This verb pair can be used with an object in A:

govoriti («) ~ reći (reče / kaže,...) speak,say

graditi ~ iz- («), sa-(«) build

* As a verbal noun, the noun gradnja is also used.

grijati (grije) ~ u-heat, warm

griješiti ~ po-(«) err, make mistake

gubiti ~ iz- («) lose

gurati ~ gurnuti (gurne)push

This verb pair can be also used with an object in A:

hladiti ~ o-(«) cool

hraniti ~ na-(«) feed

This verb pair is used with an object in A:

htjeti (hoće +,...)want

This verb pair is used with an object in A:

igrati ~~ za-play (game)

The verb is used with an object in A:

The verb is used with objects in A:

isključivati (isključuje) ~ isključiti («) exclude; turn off (device)

ispravljati ~ ispraviti correct

izgledati («) appear, look, seem