Skeleton System

Introduction
Bones of the forelimb.
 BONE
• FUNCTIONS:
– Protection:
• Brain, spinal cord, and internal organs
• Sites of attachment for muscles and
tendons
• Houses hemopoietic tissue
• Storehouse of calcium and
phosphorus
 Classification of bone
 Based on Location
 Axial and Appendicular
 Based on Shape
 Long, short, flat, Sesamoid, irregular
 Based on Ossification
 Endochondral and Intramembranous
 Based on location

 Axial
 Formed from ~80 named
bones
 Consists of skull,
vertebral column, and
bony thorax
 Appendicular
Remaining ~126
bones of
 Thoracic girdle
 Pelvic girdle
 Attached limbs
5 classes based on shape
A. Long

B. Short

C. Flat bones-

D. Irregular bone

E- Sesamoids bone
 Classification of Bones
 1. Long bones –
 longer than wide – a shaft
plus two ends – primarily
compact bone

 2. Short bones –
 roughly cube-shaped – mostly
spongy bone
 Sesamoid bones – special
type of short bone embedded
within a tendon (patella)
 Classification of Bones
 3. Flat bones
•thin and flattened, usually
curved
•contain two roughly parallel
compact bone surfaces
with a layer of spongy bone
between
• 4. Irregular bones
• various shapes, do not fit
into other categories –
complicated shapes
• consist mainly of spongy
bone enclosed by thin
layers of compact bone
Sesamoid bone -usually small, round, flat, associated
with tendons (patella, proximal/distal sesamoid bones)
Anatomy of a long bone-
1. diaphysis (dy-AF-I-sis)-

2. epiphysis (e-PIF-I-sis)-

3. Epiphyseal cartilage (physis,

growth plate)-
plate of cartilage between diaphysis
and epiphysis of
immature long bones, where
lengthening of long bones occurs

4. metaphysis (me-TAF-I-sis)-
The joining point of the diaphysis
and epiphysis in growing bone;
the part of the epiphyseal
cartilage being replace by bone.
5. nutrient foramen-

6. periosteum- connective tissue

surrounding the bone that is not covered by
articular cartilage; necessary for bone
growth, repair, and attachment of
ligaments/tendons.

7. articular surface- smooth layer of hyaline

cartilage covering the epiphysis, involved in
joint formation.
8. medullary cavity-
9. endosteum-

10. compact bone- gross term for the part of

the bone that looks solid

11. spongy bone - gross term for the part of

the bone with visible spaces
 Based on Ossification-

Two types of Ossification:

1. Intramembranous Ossification- cartilage
I.B.1.

model

2. Endochondral Ossification-
perichondral
membrane
1. intramembranous ossification of
perichondral membrane I.B.2.
I.B.3

2.endochondral (primary) ossification

of diaphysis.
a. cells in central patch of cartilage
hypertrophy, die I.B.3
(cont.)
b. connective/vascular tissue invasion
of central dead patch
c. invading tissue includes cells that
engulf/remove calcified matrix, and
cells that lay down bone cells
I.B.3.b
 Axial vs. Appendicular

 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Thoracic cage

Remaining bones of
 Thoracic girdle

 Pelvic girdle

 Attached limbs
 Appendicular skeleton

 Consists of:
 Thoracic girdles
 Clavicle

 Scapula

 Attached limbs
 Pelvic girdles
 Pelvicbones
 Attached limbs
 Scapula
 Is a flat triangular-
shaped bone
 Have
 3 borders
 Cranial, caudal,
Dorsal
 3 angles
 Cranial, caudal,
Ventral
 3 fossae
 Supraspinous,
infraspinous,
subscapular
 The humerus
 Long bone
 It is consist of
 Proximal end (head)
 Neck

 Shaft

 Distal end
 The ulna and Radius
 The two bones of the forearm
 The proximal Ext. of ulna is medial to the radius
 The distal Ext. of ulna is lateral to the radius
 Ulna
 Proximal end, shaft, distal end (head)
 Proximal end
 Olecranon process
 Trochlear notch
 The Carpal bones (bones of the
wrist)
 The carpal bones (are
Seven in number).

 Proximal row
 Ulnar, accessory,
Intermedioradial Carpal

 Distal row
 1th , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Carpal
 The metacarpal
 Five in the number
 The Phalanges
 There are 14 phalanges

 Each finger have 3 fingers

 Thumb (have two)
The Phalanges-Ruminant