‫ﺒﺴﻢﺍﷲﺍﻠﺮﺤﻤﻦﺍﻠﺮﺤﯿﻢ‬

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A SYSTEM COMPOSED OF SPECIALIZED GLANDS AND

GROUP OF CELLS WHICH SECRETES HORMONES

DUCTLESS GLAND

HORMONES SECRETED DIRECTLY INTO THE

VASCULAR SYSTEM (CIRCULATION)

EXOCRINE GLAND: SECRETES ENZYMES THROUGH THE

DUCTS (TUBULES)
(e.g., sweat gland, lacrimal gland, pancreas)
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

 HYPOTHALAMUS  PARATHYROID GLAND

(Superior/Inferior)

 HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY)  SUPRARENAL

(ADRENAL) GLAND

 PINEAL GLAND  PANCREAS

(EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI)

 THYMUS  GI TRACT

 THYROID GLAND  GONADS

(OVARY/TESTIS)
CONTROL OF HORMONE PRODUCTION

• A CONSTANT LEVEL OF ACTIVITY IN A TARGET ORGAN

(A STEADY STATE) IS USUALLY ACHIEVED BY A
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP (Fig. 10.2)

• THE SIGNALLING CELLS MONITOR SOME PRODUCT OF

THE ACTIVITY REDUCES HORMONE RELEASE (e.g.,
Increased calcium level in the blood Switches off the
production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid
glands)
DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS)

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS RATHKE’S POUCH

(P. DISTALIS (THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH)
P. TUBERALIS
P. INTERMEDIA) (MESODERM)

HYPOPHYSIS
(PITUITARY)

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS DIVERTICULUM OF
(including: DEVELOPING BRAIN
NEURAL STALK
P. NERVOSA) (ECTODERM)
(Fig. 18.18)
 Hypothalamus

Median eminence
Pituitary stalk

Neurohypophysis

Adenohypophysis
 Paraventricular
nucleus (PVN)

Supraoptic
nucleus (SON)
Arcuate nuc. (ARC)
 HYPOTHALAMUS - HYPOPHYSIS- TARGET GLAND

HYPOTHALAMUS
RF/IF OXYTOCINE/ADH

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

TROPHIC
HORMONES (OXYT./ADH)
(TROPHINS)

TARGET GLANDS

HORMONES
CELLS/TISSUES
CELLS/TISSUES
 NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

SUPRAOPTIC ADH
NUCLEUS (+ OXYTOCIN)
(SON)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
NEURO (sinusoids)
SECRETORY ADH/OXY
CELLS Blood
(hypothalamus) circulation
PARAVENTRICULAR OXYTOCIN
NUCLEUS (PVN) (+ADH)
(ADH: antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
 NEUROSECRETION
NEUROSECRETORY CELL
(Activate)
Substances in the blood
CLUSTERS OF (glucose, peripheral hormones)
NEUROSECRETORY CELLS
IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS
HORMONE SYNTHESIZED
• ARCUATE NUCLEUS (ARC) (Transported)
RF/IF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC HORMONES Stored (in vesicles)

• SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS (SON)

ADH (+OXYTOCIN)
Released
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (into extracellular space)

• PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) Capillaries (fenestrated,

plexus)
OXYTOCIN (+ ADH)
(veins)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS Blood

TARGET CELLS
 NEUROSECRETION:
PVN/SON OXYTOCIN

O
PVN/SON NERVE (- Distention of the uterus during
X labour/delivery
Y OX/ADH -Suckling the nipple by the baby)
T
O NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
C
I
N
PREGNANT UTERUS ONSET OF LABOUR
(myometrium)
(octapeptide) BREAST (MAMMILLARY GLAND) MILK LETDOWN
(smooth muscle/myoepithelium)
 ALDOSTERON & REGULATION OF BLOOD
PRESSURE
• THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM THAT REGULATES THE
SECRETION OF ALDOSTERON AND CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE

BLOOD VOL. INCREASES

START
TO NORMAL
BLOOD VOL. DECREASES

BLOOD PRESS. INCREASES

TO NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES

SODIUM & WATER REABSORPTION KIDNEY RELEASES RENIN

INCREASE BLOOD VOL. IN INTO BLOODSTREAM
ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED INGESTION
OF SALT & WATER
RENIN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSINOGEN
INTO ANGIOTENSIN I (AI)
KIDNEY:
INCREASE REABSORPTION OF WATER
(WATER RETENTION)
AI PASSES THROUGH LUNGS,
IS CONVERTED INTO AII

AII CIRCULATES IN BLOODSTREAM STIMULATES ZONA GRANULOSA

OF ADRENAL GLAND TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE; AII ALSO ACTS AS VASOCONSTRICTOR
HYPOTHALAMUS

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

OXY

ADH GH

TSH PROLACTIN

ACTH LH/FSH
SYSTEMIC
ANATOMY
FIGNeurons
13-4 in hypothalamus

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
ADH
STH

LTH
ADENOHY- OXY
POPHYSIS
FSH MSH

LH FSH

ACTH
ICSH TSH
 MICROSCOPIC HYPOPHYSE

GAMBARAN PARS INTERMEDIA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN

PARS DISTALIS,DAN PROCESSUS INFUNDIBULARIS

PARS TUBERALIS

PROCESSUS
INFUNDIBULARIS

BLOOD VESSEL

PARS DISTALIS
CELL CORDS OF PARS TUBERALIS
PARS INTERMEDIA
PROCESSUS INFUNDIBULARIS
 MICROSCOPIC HYPOPHYSE

PARS INFUNDIBULARIS PARS DISTALIS

PITUICYTE SEL BETA

HERRING BODY SEL KROMOFOB
SEL ALPHA
PIGMEN
 ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

TROPHIC HORMONES HORMONES ACTING DIRECTLY

(TROPHINS) ON PERIPHERAL TISSUES

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Growth Hormone (GH)/Somatostrophin)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (Luteotrophic Hormone/LTH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

PARS INTERMEDIA*) Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

*In human: very small Pigment formation

MICROSCOPIC HYPOFISE

MICROSCOPIC ADENOHYPOFISE
MICROSCOPIC INTERMEDIATE LOBE MICROSCOPIC NEUROHYPOFISE
 THE TYROID GLAND
• LOCATION
ANTERIOR AND LATERAL TO THE UPPER PART
OF TRACHEA AND LOWER PART OF LARYNX
• BUTTERFLY-SHAPED
2 LATERAL LOBES
ISTHMUS
• OUTER CAPSULE (dense connective tissue)
LOBULES
(Contain: numerous follicles,
lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium

THYROID HORMONE (THYROXIN)

• BOUND TO TRACHEA BY PRETRACHEAL FASCIA MOVES
WITH LARYNX (when swallowing)
FIG 10-6
MICROSCOPIC THYROID GLAND
 THYROID GLAND
THYROID GLAND 1 1. THYROXIN (T4)
para- follic. cell TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
follic. cell
22 HYPERTHYROIDISM  OVERPRODUCTION OF
OF THYROXIN
Metabolic rate increase
2. THYROCALCITONINE
(CALCITONINE) (nervous, weight loss, tremor, tachycardia, active,
intolerance to heat, sweating easily)
CONTROLLED BY HYPOTHYROIDISM  INSUFFICIENT AMOUNT
SERUM CALCIUM LEVEL OF THYROXIN
OF THYROXIN
Metabolic rate decrease
(NOT CONTROLLED BY
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND HYPOPHYSIS) (sluggish, long sleeping-16 hr/day, body weight
increase, falling hair, scaly skin, decreased heat
production and sensitivity to cold, myxedema)
 CONTROL OF THYROID HORMONE
SECRETION
STRESS COLD

HYPOTHALAMUS

INCREASED TRH RELEASE

INTO HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL VEIN
LOW BLOOD
(stimulate) LEVEL OF T3, T4
ANTERIOR
PYTUITARY
(inhibit)
NEG. FEEDBACK
INCREASED TSH RELEASED INTO
BLOOD STIMULATES THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS

THYROID GLAND: METABOLIC RATE

INCREASED T3, T4 RELEASED
INTO BLOOD BY FOLLIC. CELLS INCREASES
 PARATHYROID GLAND

• 2 SUPERIOR + 2 INFERIOR
• AT THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THYROID GLAND
• SECRETES PARATHYROID HORMONE
(PTH)/PARATHORMONE
- PTH RAISES THE LEVEL OF SERUM CALCIUM
(ANTAGONIST TO THYROCALCITONINE)
- PTH HYPERSECRETION  EXCESSIVE BONE
DEMINERALIZATION
- PTH HYPOSECRETION  LOWERING BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL

MUSCLE SPASM (TETANY)

MICROSCOPIC PARATHYROID GLAND
 SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLAND
• AT THE UPPER POLE OF THE KIDNEY
• RETROPERITONEAL
• CONSISTS OF (1) CORTEX

GLUCOCORTICOID:
cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
MINERALOCORTICOID
SEX HORMONE (small amounts)

ACTH ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (CRF)

HYPOTHALAMUS
SUPRARENAL GLAND

GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS
sympatheticnerve
(2) MEDULLA BRAINSTEM

(CRF: corticotrophic EPINEPHRINE/ FIGHT/FLIGHT

releasing factor) NOREPINEPHRINE
 SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLAND

HYPOFUNCTION OF ADDISON’S DISEASE

THE CORTEX (changes in water balance,
kidney function,
carbohydrate metabolism)

HYPERFUNCTION OF CUSHING’S DISEASE

THE CORTEX (depletion of body protein
masculinization in female

INCREASE ANDROGENS
 SUPRARENAL(ADRENAL) GLAND
• KORTEK ADRENALMESODERM
MEDULA ADRENAL NEURAL CRESTSEL GANGLION

SEL PIRAMIDAL ,PADAT

MELINGKAR
ZONA GLOMERULOSA

MINERALOKORTIKOID
ALDOSTERON
ZONA FASCICULATA
KORTEK ADRENAL
SEL POLYHEDRAL,LIPID DROPLET
(SPONGYOCYTES),MEMANJANG

GLUKOKORTIKOIDKORTISOL,
KORTIKOSTERON,ANDROGEN<
ZONA RETIKULARIS SEL RELATIF KECIL,IREGULER,
GRANUL LIPOFUCHSIN

GLUKOKORTIKOID

MEDULA ADRENALSEL POLYHEDRAL MEMANJANG,STROMA RETIKULER

MICROSCOPIC SUPRARENAL GLAND
MICROSCOPIC SUPRARENALIS GLAND
 RESPONSE TO STRESS

START
STRESS STRESS

STRESS CAUSES THE Metabolic processing of CH, fat, prot.

HYPOTHAL. TO SECRETE CRH having been stimulated by the secretion
of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, help
CRH CAUSES ANT. PIT. alleviate the effects of stress
TO SECRETE ACTH

ACTH CAUSES ZONA FASCICULATA CARBOHYDRATE:BLOOD GLUCOSE

OF ADRENAL CORTEX TO SECRETE
GLUCOCORTICOIDS (CORTISOL)
CORTISOL RELEASED INTO
BLOODSTREAM, INCREASES
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE,
FAT, AND PROT.
INCREASES (gluconeogenesis) (glyconeogenesis)
FAT: FATTY ACID MOBILIZATION INCREASES FOR
GLUCONEOGENESIS (energy produced)
PROTEIN: AMINO ACID MOBILIZATION INCREASES
FOR GLUCONEOGENESIS (energy produced) AND
TISSUE REPAIR
 PANCREAS
PANCREAS
EXOCRINE GLAND  DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

ENDOCRINE GLAND ALPHA CELL GLUCAGON

(ISLETS OF GLUCOSE
LANGERHANS)* BETA CELL INSULIN
GLUCOSE

PINEAL GLAND PINEALOCYTES SEROTONIN

(EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI)
MELATONIN

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
* delta cell: secretes somatostatin & REPRODUCTION
(inhibts both insulin & glucagon) (antigonadotrophic!)
F cell : secretes pancreatic polypeptide (regulates the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes)
MICROSCOPIC PANCREATIC GLAND
TERIMA KASIH