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James A O’Brien

Ramesh Behl
George M Marakas
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 Learning Objectives
• Explain the business value of
implementing data resource management
processes and technologies in an
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organization.
• Outline the advantages of a database
management approach to managing the
data resources of a business, compared to
a file processing approach.
• Explain how database management
software helps business professionals and
supports the operations and management
of a business.

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 Learning Objectives

• Provide examples to illustrate the

following concepts
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– Major types of databases

– Data warehouses and data mining
– Logical data elements
– Fundamental database structures
– Database development

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Logical Data Elements

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 Logical Data Elements

• Character
– Most basic element of data
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• Field
– A group of related characters
– Represents an attribute of some entity.
• Record
– A collection of attributes that describe
an entity.

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 Logical Data Elements

• Attribute
– A quality, characteristic, trait or feature.
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– A set of attributes are used to describe

an entity.
• Entity
– Is a physical or abstract object about
which we can store information.
– The relationship between entities is
depicted using an ER model.
– An entity gets converted into a table
/relationship and the attributes into
columns or fields.
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 Logical Data Elements

• File or table
– A group of related records
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– Master file
– Transaction file
– History file
– Archival file
• Database
– An integrated collection of logically
related data elements
• World’s largest database?

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Electric Utility Database

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 Database Structures

• Common database structures…

– Hierarchical (one-to-many)
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– Network (many-to-many)
– Relational (rows & columns)
– Object-oriented (multimedia)
– Multi-dimensional (cubes)

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Database Structures

Network Structure

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 Relational Structure

• Most widely used structure

– Data elements are stored in tables
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– Row represents a record; column is a field

– Can relate data in one file with data in
another,
if both files share a common data element

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 Relational Operations

• Select
– Create a subset of records that meet a stated
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criterion
• Example: employees earning more than
$30,000

• Join
– Combine two or more tables temporarily
– Looks like one big table
• Project
– Create a subset of columns in a table

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Multidimensional Model

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Object-Oriented Structure

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 Evaluation of Database Structures

• Hierarchical
– Works for structured, routine transactions
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– Can’t handle many-to-many relationships

• Network
– More flexible than hierarchical
– Unable to handle ad hoc requests
• Relational
– Easily responds to ad hoc requests
– Easier to work with and maintain
– Not as efficient/quick as hierarchical or
network

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 Data Dictionary

• A data dictionary
– Contains data about data (metadata)
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– Specialized software manages data

definitions
• Contains information on…
– Names, types and descriptions of data
– Relationships
– Requirements for access and use
– Maintenance
– Security

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 Data Resource Management

• Managerial activity
– Uses data management, data warehousing,
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and other IS technologies

– Manages data for business stakeholders

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Types of Databases

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Components of Web-Based System

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Data Warehouse Components

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Data Warehouse and Data Marts

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Data Mining

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 Traditional File Processing
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Issues:
• Data redundancy
• Lack of data integration
• Data dependence
• Lack of data integrity 5-25
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Database Management Approach

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Better Graphic?
Common DBMS Software Components

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DBMS Major Functions

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