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Petroleum Production: Technical Training Program Phase I
Petroleum Production: Technical Training Program Phase I
• Reservoir understanding
• OOIP/ OGIP
• Type of fluid
• Boundaries
Water saturation
Volume ratio of
Water
Oil
Data required:
– Rock porosity
– Fluid saturation
7758 * A * h * * (1 Sw)
OOIP
o
43560 * A * h * * (1 Sw)
OGIP
g i
Where:
A= Area of reservoir (Acre) Sw: Water saturation (ratio)
h: Height of formation (ft) o: Volume factor (oil) (reservoir bbl/ stb)
: Porosity of formation (ratio) gi: Volume factor (gas) (reservoir cuft/ scf)
• Large, heavy,
non-volatile
molecules
• “Low
shrinkage oil”
• Fewer heavy
molecules
• “High shrinkage
oil”
• Large release of
rich gas
• Initially totally a
gas
15%Liquid
• Condensate
typically won’t
flow
• PVT below
reservoir
temperature
• Remains gas
• No liquid forms
• Primarily methane
Initial Final
Temperature Pressure Pressure Initial fluid Final fluid Type of reservoir
– Steady-State Performance
Constant outer boundary pressure
– Pseudo-Steady State Flow
Decreasing outer boundary pressure
– Unsteady State
Period before stabilized flow is achieved
A
• Pressure losses result
in flow reduction
• Natural • Artificial
Control Catcher
Armored Equipment w/ Arrival
Sensor
Sucker
Cable
Rod
Gas-Lift
Pump Valve
Rod Pump
Plunger
Floater/
Packer Bumper
Tubing Pump Electric Stator
Anchor Standing Spring
Motor Valve Tubing
(Optional) Stop
q KP
– Pressure (P)
– Permeability (K)
– Fluid viscosity (μ)
– Length of flow (L)
1
q
L
Radial Coordinates
q
kA dp A 2rh
dr
Pwf
h Pe
(Reservoir pressure)
re
(drainage radius/
rw outer boundary)
(wellbore radius)
141.2q re
p e p wf ln
kh rw
Where:
– Pe = pressure at boundary- reservoir (psi)
– pwf= flowing bottomhole pressure (psi)
– q = flow rate (STB/day)
– = formation volume factor (res bbl/STB)
– = viscosity (cp)
– k = permeability (md)
– h = height (ft)
– re = outer boundary radius (ft)
– rw = wellbore radius (ft)
• Steady-State Example:
– Calculate the production rate if the flowing bottomhole
pressure is equal to 4,500 psi.
– Given:
Pwf
Internal Use Only
Productivity Index (J)
q kh
J
Pe Pwf 141.2(ln( re )
rw
• Steady-State Example:
– Describe a mechanism to increase the flow rate by 50%.
– Given:
• The HTC #1 was tested for 8hr at a rate of about 38 STB/D. Wellbore
flowing pressure was calculated to be 585 psia, based on acoustic
liquid level measurements. After shutting the well in for 24hr, the BHP
reached a static value of 1125 psia, also based on acoustic level
readings. The rod pump used on this well is considered undersized,
and a larger pump can be expected to reduce wellbore flowing
pressure to a level near 350psia (just above the bubble-point
pressure). Calculate the Following:
1. Productivity index J
2. Oil rate for a wellbore flowing pressure of 350 psi
3. Wellbore flowing pressure required to produce 60STB/D
r
w
Well centerline
ideal
h
re P
real
Where: Ks Kf
– Pe = pressure at boundary- reservoir
P= pressure at wellbore
k = permeability rw
h = height
re = outer boundary radius
rs
rw = wellbore radius re
rs = skin radius
141.2q re
p e p wf ln S
kh rw
Where:
– Pe = pressure at boundary- reservoir (psi)
– pwf= flowing bottomhole pressure (psi)
– q = flow rate (STB/day)
– = formation volume factor (res bbl/STB)
– = viscosity (cp)
– k = permeability (md)
– h = height (ft)
– re = outer boundary radius (ft)
– rw = wellbore radius (ft)
– S = Skin
k rs
So skin is…
s 1 ln
k s rw
•What would be the skin damage value for a 7” (32#/ft) well that has been
damaged 4 ft away from the wellbore resulting in reduction of the original
permeability from 100 md to 10 md ?
•What if the reduction is from 100 md to 1 md?