LEARNING

STAGES, LAWS, STYLES, AND

THEORIES
Learning
 Defined as a process that results in a relatively
enduring change in behavior that is brought
about by experience.

 A step-by-step process in which an individual

experiences permanent, lasting changes in
knowledge, behaviors, or ways of processing the
world.
STAGES OF LEARNING
Stage 1: The Novice/Unconscious
Incompetence

 Often learners display excitement and

enthusiasm in this stage because they
don’t know that they don’t know.

 We are unaware of the deficiency in

the subject/skill.
Stage 2: The Apprentice/Conscious
Incompetence

 In this stage the learners know they don’t

know. This is where they recognize that they
are out of their comfort zone because the skill
to be learned may be more difficult than
anticipated.
 We become aware of the existence and
relevance of the skill, as well as our
deficiency in this area.
 Confidence drops as we realize our ability
is limited.
Stage 3: The Journeymen/ Conscious
Competence

 The learners know they know. With

consistent practice and feedback the
learners usually experience different levels
of success.

 We can perform the skill consistently at

will.

 Our confidence increases with our

ability.
Stage 4: The Master/Unconscious
Competence

 The learners don’t know they know. The

learner has such mastery of the skill(s) that it
becomes automatic.

 They no longer have to think about it; it

becomes effortless.

 They can easily become bored and we can do

them while our mind is on other things.

 A stage when the skill becomes a habit.

LAWS OF LEARNING

1. Law of Readiness

The Law of Readiness means a

person can learn when physically and
mentally adjusted (ready) to receive
stimuli. It implies a degree of
concentration and eagerness.
2. Law of Exercise
The Law of Exercise stresses the idea
that repetition is basic to the development
of adequate responses; things most often
repeated are easiest remembered. It is the
basis of drill and practice.
3. Law of Effect

The principle of effect is based on the

emotional reaction of the student.
Learning is strengthened when it is
accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying
feeling and that it is weakened when it is
associated with an unpleasant
experience.
4. Law of Primacy
This law states that the state of being
first, often creates a strong, almost
unshakeable impression.
5. Law of Recency

The principle of recency states that things

most recently learned are
best remembered, while the things learned
some time ago are remembered with more
difficulty.
6. Law of Intensity

The principle of intensity implies

that a student will learn more from the
real thing than from a substitute. The
more intense the material taught, the
more likely it will be retained. A sharp,
clear, vivid, dramatic, or exciting learning
experience teaches more than a routine or
boring experience.
7. Law of Freedom

The principle of freedom states that

things freely learned are best learned.
Conversely, the further a student is
coerced, the more difficult is for him to
learn, assimilate and implement what is
learned.
SEVEN LEARNING STYLES

 Visual (spatial): You prefer using

pictures, images, and spatial
understanding.
 Aural (auditory-musical): You prefer
using sound and music.
 Verbal (linguistic): You prefer using
words, both in speech and writing. You
like playing on the meaning or sound of
words, such as in tongue twisters,
rhymes, limericks and the like.
 Physical (kinesthetic): You prefer
using your body, hands and sense of
touch.
 Logical (mathematical): You prefer
using logic, reasoning and systems.
 Social(interpersonal): You prefer to
learn in groups or with other people.
 Solitary(intrapersonal): You prefer
to work alone and use self-study.
THEORIES OF LEARNING

• Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory of animal
and human learning that only focuses on
objectively observable behaviors.
Behaviorism define learning as nothing
more than the acquisition of new
behavior.
• Cognitivism

The learner uses the information

processing approach to transfer and
assimilate new information.
Cognitivism focuses on the
“brain”. How humans process and store
information was very important in the
process of learning.
• Constructivism

Constructivism focuses on how

learners construct their own meaning.
They ask questions, develop answers and
interact and interpret the environment.
They actively construct their knowledge
in interaction with the environment.