Systems Analysis and Design 6

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman
C H A P T E R
7 DATA MODELING
AND ANALYSIS
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Chapter Seven Data Modeling and Analysis

• Define systems modeling and differentiate between logical and physical
system models.
• Define data modeling and explain its benefits.
• Recognize and understand the basic concepts and constructs of a data model.
• Read and interpret an entity relationship data model.
• Explain when data models are constructed during a project and where the
models are stored.
• Discover entities and relationships.
• Construct an entity-relationship context diagram.
• Discover or invent keys for entities and construct a key-based diagram.
• Construct a fully attributed entity relationship diagram and describe all data
structures and attributes to the repository or encyclopedia.
• Normalize a logical data model to remove impurities that can make a database
unstable, inflexible, and nonscalable.
• Describe a useful tool for mapping data requirements to business operating
locations.

Chapter Map

System Models
A model is a representation of reality.
Logical models show what a system is or does. They are

implementation independent; that is, they depict the
system independent of any technical implementation.
Physical models show not only what a system is or does,

but also how the system is physically and technically
implemented.

Data Modeling
Data modeling is a technique for organizing and

documenting a system’s data. Data modeling is
sometimes called database modeling because a data
model is eventually implemented as a database. It is
sometimes called information modeling.
The actual model is frequently called an entity

relationship diagram (ERD) because it depicts data in
terms of the entities and relationships described by the
data.

Sample Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Data Modeling Concepts: Entity
An entity is a class of persons, places, objects, events, or

concepts about which we need to capture and store data.
Name of Entity
 Persons: agency, contractor, customer, department, division,

employee, instructor, student, supplier.
 Places: sales region, building, room, branch office, campus.
 Objects: book, machine, part, product, raw material, software license,
software package, tool, vehicle model, vehicle.
 Events: application, award, cancellation, class, flight, invoice, order,
registration, renewal, requisition, reservation, sale, trip.
 Concepts: account, block of time, bond, course, fund, qualification,
stock.

Data Modeling Concepts: Entity
An entity instance is a single occurrence of an entity.
Example: instances of the entity STUDENT may include
 Betty Arnold
 John Taylor
 Lisa Simmons
 Bill Macy
 Heather Leath
 Tim Wrench

Data Modeling Concepts: Attributes
An attribute is a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity.

Synonyms include element, property, and field.
A compound attribute is one that actually consists of other
attributes
STUDENT
Na me
.Last Name
.First Name
.Middle Initial
Address
.Street Address
.City
.State or Province
.Country
.Postal Code
Phone Number
.Area Code
.Exchange Number
.Number Within Exchange
Date of Birth
Gender
Race
Major
Grade Poin t Average

Data Modeling Concepts: Domains
The data type for an attribute defines what type of data

can be stored in that attribute.
The domain of an attribute defines what values an

attribute can legitimately take on.
The default value for an attribute is the value that will be

recorded if not specified by the user.

Data Modeling Concepts: Identification
A key is an attribute, or a group of attributes, that assumes a

unique value for each entity instance.
A group of attributes that uniquely identifies an instance of an
entity is called a concatenated key.
A candidate key is a “candidate to become the primary key” of
instances of an entity.
A primary key is that candidate key that will most commonly be
used to uniquely identify a single entity instance.
Any candidate key that is not selected to become the primary key
is called an alternate key.
A subsetting criteria is an attribute (or concatenated attribute)
whose finite values divide all entity instances into useful subsets.

Data Modeling Concepts: Identification Keys & Subsetting Criteria
STUDENT
Student Number (Primary Key)

Social Security Number (Alternate Key)
Name
.Last Name
.First Name
.Middle Initial
Address
.Street Address
.City
.State or Province
.Country
.Postal Code
Phone Number
.Area Code
.Exchange Number
.Number Within Exchange
Date of Birth
Gender (Subsetting Criteria 1)
Race (Subsetting Criteria 2)
Major (Subsetting Criteria 3)
Grade Po int Average

Data Modeling Concepts: Relationships
A relationship is a natural business association that exists

between one or more entities. The relationship may
represent an event that links the entities or merely a
logical affinity that exists between the entities.

Data Modeling Concepts: Cardinality
Cardinality defines the minimum and maximum number

of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a
single occurrence of the other entity.
Because all relationships are bidirectional, cardinality
must be defined in both directions for every relationship.
bidirectional

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree
The degree of a relationship is the number of entities that

participate in the relationship.

A recursive relationship is a relationship that exists

between different instances of the same entity

Relationships may exist

between more than two
entities and are called
N-ary relationships.
The example ERD
depicts a ternary
relationship.

An associative entity is
an entity that inherits
its primary key from
more than one other
entity (called parents).
Each part of that

concatenated key
points to one and only
one instance of each of
the connecting entities.

Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys

A foreign key is a primary key of one entity that is contributed to
(duplicated in) another entity to identify instances of a relationship.

Nonidentifying relationships are those in which each of the

participating entities has its own independent primary key, In other
words, none of the primary key attributes is shared.
Identifying relationships are those in which the parent entity
contributes its primary key to become part of the primary key of
the child entity.



A nonspecific relationship (or many-to-
many relationship) is one in which many
instances of one entity are associated with
many instances of another entity.
Nonspecific
relationships
must be
resolved. Most
nonspecific
relationships
can be resolved
by introducing
an associative
entity.

Resolving Nonspecific Relationships (continued)

Resolving Nonspecific Relationships (continued)

Data Modeling Concepts: Generalization
Generalization is a technique wherein the attributes that

are common to several types of an entity are grouped
into their own entity, called a supertype.
An entity supertype is an entity whose instances store
attributes that are common to one or more entity
subtypes.
An entity subtype is an entity whose instances inherit
some common attributes from an entity supertype and
then add other attributes that are unique to an instance of
the subtype.

Generalization Hierarchy

Entity Discovery for SoundStage

Entity Name Business Definition
agreement A contract whereby a member agrees to purchase a certain

number of products within a certain time. After fulfilling that
agreement, the member becomes eligible for bonus credits that
are redeemable for free or discounted products.
member An active member of one or more clubs.

Note: A target system objective is to re-enroll inactive members
as opposed to deleting them.
member order An order generated for a member as part of a monthly

promotion, or an order initiated by a member.
Note: The current system only supports orders generated from
promotions; however, customer initiated orders have been given
a high priority as an added option in the proposed system.
transaction A business event to which the Member Services System must

respond.
product An inventoried product available for promotion and sale to

members.
Note: System improvement objectives include (1) compatibility
with new bar code system being developed for the warehouse,
and (2) adaptability to a rapidly changing mix of products.
promotion A monthly or quarterly event whereby special product offerings
are made available to members.

The Context Data Model
MEMBER ORDER
is a
sells
responds to has
MEMBER TRANSACTION
conducted
places
PRODUCT generates
binds
PROMOTION AGREEMENT
features

The Key-based Data Model

MEMBER ORDER
is a
sells Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
responds
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT to MEMBER
Primary Key
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK] places Member-Number [PK1] has
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
conducted
sold as
PRODUCT binds
generates
Primary Key TRANSACTION
Product-Number [PK1] Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
AGREEMENT
is featured as
Primary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]
TITLE PROMOTION
Primary Key features PROMOTION
Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK] Promotion-Number [PK1]

The Key-based Data Model With Generalization

is a
MEMBER ORDER
sells
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
responds
to
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT

Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK] has
MEMBER conducted
Product-Number [PK2] [FK] places
Primary Key
Member-Number [PK1]
binds TRANSACTION
sold as Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
AGREEMENT
Primary Key
PRODUCT
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1]
generates PROMOTION
Primary Key
is a is a Promotion-Number [PK1]
MERCHANDISE TITLE
Primary Key Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Product-Number [PK1] [FK] is featured as
PROMOTION TITLE
Primary Key features
is a is a is a Promotion-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
AUDIO TITLE VIDEO TITLE GAME TITLE

Primary Key Primary Key Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Product-Number [PK1] [FK]

The Fully-Attributed Data Model

MEMBER ORDER
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Order-Creation-Date is a
Order-Fill-Date
Member-Name
Member-Address
Shipping-Address-Name
sells Shipping-Street-Address MEMBER
Shipping-City Primary Key
Shipping-State Member-Number [PK1]
Shipping-Zip Non-Key Attributes
Shipping-Instructions Member-Name
Order-Sub-Total has
Order-Sales-Tax Member-Status conducted
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT Order-Shipping-Method Member-Street-Address
Primary Key Order-Shipping-&-Handling-Cost responds Member-Post-Office-Box
Order-Number [PK1] [FK] Order-Status to Member-City
Product-Number [PK2] [FK] Order-Prepaid-Amount Member-State
Order-Prepayment-Method Member-Zip-Code
Promotion-Number [FK] Member-Daytime-Phone-Number
Member-Number [FK] Member-Date-of-Last-Order TRANSACTION
Member-Number-1 . Member-Number [FK] Member-Balance-Due Primary Key
Ordered-Product-Number Member-Credit-Card-Type
Member-Credit-Card-Number Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
Quantity-Shipped places Member-Credit-Card-Expire-Date Non-Key Attributes
Quantity-Backordered Member-Bonus-Balance-Available Transaction-Date
Ordered-Product-Description Audio-Category-Preference Transaction-Type
Ordered-Product-Title Audio-Media-Preference Transaction-Description
sold as Purchased-Unit-Price Date-Enrolled Transaction-Amount
Extended-Price Expiration-Date Member-Number [FK]
Game-Category-Preference Order-Number [FK]
Game-Media-Preference
Number-of-Credits-Earned
Video-Category-Preference
Video-Media-Preference
Agreement-Number [FK]
Privacy-Code
Email-Address
PRODUCT
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
"Universal-Product-Code (Alternate Key)" AGREEMENT
Quantity-in-Stock Primary Key
Product-Type Agreement-Number [PK1]
Suggested-Retail-Price Non-Key Attributes
Default-Unit-Price binds Agreement-Expire-Date
Current-Special-Unit-Price Agreement-Active-Date
Current-Month-Units-Sold Fulfillment-Period
Current-Year-Units-Sold Required-Number-of-Credits
Total-Lifetime-Units-Sold
is a is a
MERCHANDISE TITLE generates PROMOTION

Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Promotion-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes Non-Key Attributes Non-Key Attributes
Merchandise-Name Title-of-Work Promotion-Release-Date
Merchandise-Description Title-Cover Promotion-Status
Merchandise-Type Catalog-Description is featured as Promotion-Type
Unit-of-Measure Copyright-Date Product-Number
Entertainment-Category Title-of-Work
Credit-Value
TITLE PROMOTION
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK] features
is a is a is a
AUDIO TITLE VIDEO TITLE GAME TITLE
Artist Producer Manufacturer
Audio-Category Director Game-Category
Audio-Sub-Category Video-Category Game-Sub-Category
Number-of-Units-in-Package Video-Sub-Category Game-Platform
Audio-Media-Code Closed-Captioned Game-Media-Type
Content-Advisory-Code Language Number-of-Players
Running-Time Parent-Advisory-Code
Video-Media-Type
Video-Encoding
Screen-Aspect
MPA-Rating-Code

Data Analysis & Normalization
Data analysis is a process that prepares a data model for

implementation as a simple, nonredundant, flexible, and
adaptable database. The specific technique is called
normalization.
Normalization is a data analysis technique that organizes

data attributes such that they are grouped to form
nonredundant, stable, flexible, and adaptive entities.

Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF

• An entity is in first normal form (1NF) if there are no attributes that
can have more than one value for a single instance of the entity. Any
attributes that can have multiple values actually describe a separate
entity, possibly an entity and relationship.
• An entity is in second normal form (2NF) if it is already in 1NF and if
the values of all nonprimary key attributes are dependent on the full
primary key—not just part of it. Any nonkey attributes that are
dependent on only part of the primary key should be moved to any
entity where that partial key is actually the full key. This may require
creating a new entity and relationship on the model.
• An entity is in third normal form (3NF) if it is already in 2NF and if
the values of its nonprimary key attributes are not dependent on any
other non-primary key attributes. Any nonkey attributes that are
dependent on other nonkey attributes must be moved or deleted. Again,
new entities and relationships may have to be added to the data model.

First Normal Form Example

First Normal Form Example

Second Normal Form Example

Second Normal Form Example

Third Normal Form Example

Third Normal Form Example

SoundStage 3NF Data Model

MEMBER ORDER
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT Primary Key
Primary Key Order-Number [PK1] is a
Order-Number [PK1] [FK] Non-Key Attributes
Product-Number [PK2] [FK] Order-Creation-Date
Non-Key Attributes Order-Fill-Date
sells Shipping-Address-Name
Quantity-Ordered Shipping-Street-Address
Quantity-Shipped Shipping-City
Quantity-Backordered Shipping-State MEMBER
Purchase-Unit-Price Shipping-Zip Primary Key
Credits-Earned Shipping-Instructions responds Member-Number [PK1]
Order-Sub-Total to Non-Key Attributes
Order-Sales-Tax Member-Name
Order-Shipping-Method Member-Status
Order-Shipping-&-Handling-Cost Member-Street-Address has
Order-Status Member-Post-Office-Box conducted
Order-Prepaid-Amount Member-City
Order-Prepayment-Method Member-State
Promotion-Number [FK] places Member-Zip-Code
Member-Number [FK] Member-Daytime-Phone-Number
Member-Number-1 . Member-Number [FK] Member-Date-of-Last-Order TRANSACTION
Member-Balance-Due Primary Key
sold as Member-Credit-Card-Type Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
Member-Credit-Card-Number Non-Key Attributes
Member-Credit-Card-Expire-Date Transaction-Date
Member-Bonus-Balance-Available Transaction-Type
Audio-Category-Preference Transaction-Description
Audio-Media-Preference Transaction-Amount
Date-Enrolled Member-Number [FK]
Expiration-Date Order-Number [FK]
Game-Category-Preference
PRODUCT Game-Media-Preference
Primary Key Number-of-Credits-Earned
Product-Number [PK1] Video-Category-Preference
Non-Key Attributes Video-Media-Preference
"Universal-Product-Code (Alternate Key)" Agreement-Number [FK]
Quantity-in-Stock Privacy-Code
Product-Type Email-Address
Suggested-Retail-Price
Default-Unit-Price
Current-Special-Unit-Price
Current-Month-Units-Sold
Current-Year-Units-Sold
Total-Lifetime-Units-Sold
AGREEMENT
Primary Key
is a is a Non-Key Attributes
binds Agreement-Expire-Date
Agreement-Active-Date
Fulfillment-Period
MERCHANDISE TITLE Required-Number-of-Credits
Primary Key Primary Key generates
Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes Non-Key Attributes
Merchandise-Name Title-of-Work
Merchandise-Description Title-Cover is featured as
Merchandise-Type Catalog-Description
Unit-of-Measure Copyright-Date
Entertainment-Category
Credit-Value
PROMOTION
TITLE PROMOTION features Primary Key
Primary Key Promotion-Number [PK1]
is a is a is a Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Non-Key Attributes
Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK] Promotion-Release-Date
AUDIO TITLE VIDEO TITLE GAME TITLE Promotion-Status
Promotion-Type
Artist Producer Manufacturer
Audio-Category Director Game-Category
Audio-Sub-Category Video-Category Game-Sub-Category 3NF Member Services (Entity
Number-of-Units-in-Package Video-Sub-Category Game-Platform Relation Subject Area)
Audio-Media-Code Closed-Captioned Game-Media-Type SA/2001
Content-Advisory-Code Language Number-of-Players Tue May 02, 2000 10:41
Running-Time Parent-Advisory-Code Comment
Video-Media-Type
Video-Encoding Sandra Shepherd
Screen-Aspect
MPA-Rating-Code

Data-to-Location-CRUD Matrix
. Warehouse
. Warehouse
. Advertsing
Location
San Francisco
. Warehose
. Marketing
Kansas City
Customers
San Diego
. Sales
. Sales
. Sales
. A/R
Boston
Entity . Attribute
Customer INDV ALL ALL SS SS SS SS
.Customer Number R R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Customer Name RU R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Customer Address RU R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Customer Credit Rating X R RU R R
.Customer Balance Due R R RU R R
Order INDV ALL SS ALL SS SS SS SS
.Order Number SRD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Order Date SRD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Order Amount SRD R CRUD CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
Ordered Product INDV ALL SS ALL SS SS SS SS
.Quantity Ordered SUD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD CRUD
.Ordered Item Unit Price SUD R CRUD CRUD R CRUD CRUD
Product ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL
.Product Number R CRUD R R R R R R R
.Product Name R CRUD R R R R R R R
.Product Description R CRUD RU R R R R R R
.Product Unit of Measure R CRUD R R R R R R R
.Product Current Unit Price R CRUD R R R R R R
.Product Quantity on Hand X RU R R RU R RU
INDV = individual ALL = ALL SS = subset X = no access
S = submit C = create R = read U = update D = delete

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Chapter Seven Data Modeling and Analysis

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

A model is a representation of reality.

Logical models show what a system is or does. They are

Physical models show not only what a system is or does,

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data modeling is a technique for organizing and

The actual model is frequently called an entity

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Sample Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Entity

An entity is a class of persons, places, objects, events, or

 Persons: agency, contractor, customer, department, division,

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Entity

An entity instance is a single occurrence of an entity.

Example: instances of the entity STUDENT may include

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Attributes

An attribute is a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Domains

The data type for an attribute defines what type of data

The domain of an attribute defines what values an

The default value for an attribute is the value that will be

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Identification

A key is an attribute, or a group of attributes, that assumes a

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Identification Keys & Subsetting Criteria

Student Number (Primary Key)

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Relationships

A relationship is a natural business association that exists

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Cardinality

Cardinality defines the minimum and maximum number

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

The degree of a relationship is the number of entities that

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

A recursive relationship is a relationship that exists

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

Relationships may exist

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Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

Each part of that

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Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys

Nonidentifying relationships are those in which each of the

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved